Exploring Structural Complexity in Normative RAG with Graph-based approaches: A case study on the ETSI Standards
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arXiv
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866913022273912832 |
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| author | Masoud, Aiman Al Arazzi, Marco Germani, Simone Nocera, Antonino |
| author_facet | Masoud, Aiman Al Arazzi, Marco Germani, Simone Nocera, Antonino |
| contents | Industrial standards and normative documents exhibit intricate hierarchical structures, domain-specific lexicons, and extensive cross-referential dependencies, which making it challenging to process them directly by Large Language Models (LLMs).
While Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) provides a computationally efficient alternative to LLM fine-tuning, standard "vanilla" vector-based retrieval may fail to capture the latent structural and relational features intrinsic in normative documents.
With the objective of shedding light on the most promising technique for building high-performance RAG solutions for normative, standards, and regulatory documents, this paper investigates the efficacy of Graph RAG architectures, which represent information as interconnected nodes, thus moving from simple semantic similarity toward a more robust, relation-aware retrieval mechanism.
Despite the promise of graph-based techniques, there is currently a lack of empirical evidence as to which is the optimal indexing strategy for technical standards. Therefore, to help solve this knowledge gap, we propose a specialized RAG methodology tailored to the unique structure and lexical characteristics of standards and regulatory documents.
Moreover, to keep our investigation grounded, we focus on well-known public standards, such as the ETSI EN 301 489 series. We evaluate several lightweight and low-latency strategies designed to embed document structure directly into the retrieval workflow.
The considered approaches are rigorously tested against a custom synthesized Q&A dataset, facilitating a quantitative performance analysis. Our experimental results demonstrate that the incorporation of structural and lexical information into the index can enhance, at least to some extent, retrieval performance, providing a scalable framework for automated normative and standards elaboration. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_09868 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Exploring Structural Complexity in Normative RAG with Graph-based approaches: A case study on the ETSI Standards Masoud, Aiman Al Arazzi, Marco Germani, Simone Nocera, Antonino Information Retrieval Artificial Intelligence Computation and Language Industrial standards and normative documents exhibit intricate hierarchical structures, domain-specific lexicons, and extensive cross-referential dependencies, which making it challenging to process them directly by Large Language Models (LLMs). While Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) provides a computationally efficient alternative to LLM fine-tuning, standard "vanilla" vector-based retrieval may fail to capture the latent structural and relational features intrinsic in normative documents. With the objective of shedding light on the most promising technique for building high-performance RAG solutions for normative, standards, and regulatory documents, this paper investigates the efficacy of Graph RAG architectures, which represent information as interconnected nodes, thus moving from simple semantic similarity toward a more robust, relation-aware retrieval mechanism. Despite the promise of graph-based techniques, there is currently a lack of empirical evidence as to which is the optimal indexing strategy for technical standards. Therefore, to help solve this knowledge gap, we propose a specialized RAG methodology tailored to the unique structure and lexical characteristics of standards and regulatory documents. Moreover, to keep our investigation grounded, we focus on well-known public standards, such as the ETSI EN 301 489 series. We evaluate several lightweight and low-latency strategies designed to embed document structure directly into the retrieval workflow. The considered approaches are rigorously tested against a custom synthesized Q&A dataset, facilitating a quantitative performance analysis. Our experimental results demonstrate that the incorporation of structural and lexical information into the index can enhance, at least to some extent, retrieval performance, providing a scalable framework for automated normative and standards elaboration. |
| title | Exploring Structural Complexity in Normative RAG with Graph-based approaches: A case study on the ETSI Standards |
| topic | Information Retrieval Artificial Intelligence Computation and Language |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.09868 |