Efficient Process Reward Modeling via Contrastive Mutual Information
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arXiv
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| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866910122640408576 |
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| author | Lee, Nakyung Hong, Sangwoo Lee, Jungwoo |
| author_facet | Lee, Nakyung Hong, Sangwoo Lee, Jungwoo |
| contents | Recent research has devoted considerable effort to verifying the intermediate reasoning steps of chain-of-thought (CoT) trajectories using process reward models (PRMs) and other verifier models. However, training a PRM typically requires human annotators to assign reward scores to each reasoning step, which is both costly and time-consuming. Existing automated approaches, such as Monte Carlo (MC) estimation, also demand substantial computational resources due to repeated LLM rollouts. To overcome these limitations, we propose contrastive pointwise mutual information (CPMI), a novel automatic reward labeling method that leverages the model's internal probability to infer step-level supervision while significantly reducing the computational burden of annotating dataset. CPMI quantifies how much a reasoning step increases the mutual information between the step and the correct target answer relative to hard-negative alternatives. This contrastive signal serves as a proxy for the step's contribution to the final solution and yields a reliable reward. The experimental results show that CPMI-based labeling reduces dataset construction time by 84% and token generation by 98% compared to MC estimation, while achieving higher accuracy on process-level evaluations and mathematical reasoning benchmarks. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_10660 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Efficient Process Reward Modeling via Contrastive Mutual Information Lee, Nakyung Hong, Sangwoo Lee, Jungwoo Computation and Language Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning Recent research has devoted considerable effort to verifying the intermediate reasoning steps of chain-of-thought (CoT) trajectories using process reward models (PRMs) and other verifier models. However, training a PRM typically requires human annotators to assign reward scores to each reasoning step, which is both costly and time-consuming. Existing automated approaches, such as Monte Carlo (MC) estimation, also demand substantial computational resources due to repeated LLM rollouts. To overcome these limitations, we propose contrastive pointwise mutual information (CPMI), a novel automatic reward labeling method that leverages the model's internal probability to infer step-level supervision while significantly reducing the computational burden of annotating dataset. CPMI quantifies how much a reasoning step increases the mutual information between the step and the correct target answer relative to hard-negative alternatives. This contrastive signal serves as a proxy for the step's contribution to the final solution and yields a reliable reward. The experimental results show that CPMI-based labeling reduces dataset construction time by 84% and token generation by 98% compared to MC estimation, while achieving higher accuracy on process-level evaluations and mathematical reasoning benchmarks. |
| title | Efficient Process Reward Modeling via Contrastive Mutual Information |
| topic | Computation and Language Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.10660 |