Beyond A Fixed Seal: Adaptive Stealing Watermark in Large Language Models
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arXiv
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| Autori principali: | , , , , |
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| Natura: | Preprint |
| Pubblicazione: |
2026
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| _version_ | 1866915933871669248 |
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| author | Zhang, Shuhao Chen, Yuli Han, Jiale Cheng, Bo Ma, Jiabao |
| author_facet | Zhang, Shuhao Chen, Yuli Han, Jiale Cheng, Bo Ma, Jiabao |
| contents | Watermarking provides a critical safeguard for large language model (LLM) services by facilitating the detection of LLM-generated text. Correspondingly, stealing watermark algorithms (SWAs) derive watermark information from watermarked texts generated by victim LLMs to craft highly targeted adversarial attacks, which compromise the reliability of watermarks. Existing SWAs rely on fixed strategies, overlooking the non-uniform distribution of stolen watermark information and the dynamic nature of real-world LLM generation processes. To address these limitations, we propose Adaptive Stealing (AS), a novel SWA featuring enhanced design flexibility through Position-Based Seal Construction and Adaptive Selection modules. AS operates by defining multiple attack perspectives derived from distinct activation states of contextually ordered tokens. During attack execution, AS dynamically selects the optimal perspective based on watermark compatibility, generation priority, and dynamic generation relevance. Our experiments demonstrate that AS significantly increases steal efficiency against target watermarks under identical experimental conditions. These findings highlight the need for more robust LLM watermarks to withstand potential attacks. We release our code to the community for future research\footnote{https://github.com/DrankXs/AdaptiveStealingWatermark}. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_10893 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Beyond A Fixed Seal: Adaptive Stealing Watermark in Large Language Models Zhang, Shuhao Chen, Yuli Han, Jiale Cheng, Bo Ma, Jiabao Cryptography and Security Artificial Intelligence Watermarking provides a critical safeguard for large language model (LLM) services by facilitating the detection of LLM-generated text. Correspondingly, stealing watermark algorithms (SWAs) derive watermark information from watermarked texts generated by victim LLMs to craft highly targeted adversarial attacks, which compromise the reliability of watermarks. Existing SWAs rely on fixed strategies, overlooking the non-uniform distribution of stolen watermark information and the dynamic nature of real-world LLM generation processes. To address these limitations, we propose Adaptive Stealing (AS), a novel SWA featuring enhanced design flexibility through Position-Based Seal Construction and Adaptive Selection modules. AS operates by defining multiple attack perspectives derived from distinct activation states of contextually ordered tokens. During attack execution, AS dynamically selects the optimal perspective based on watermark compatibility, generation priority, and dynamic generation relevance. Our experiments demonstrate that AS significantly increases steal efficiency against target watermarks under identical experimental conditions. These findings highlight the need for more robust LLM watermarks to withstand potential attacks. We release our code to the community for future research\footnote{https://github.com/DrankXs/AdaptiveStealingWatermark}. |
| title | Beyond A Fixed Seal: Adaptive Stealing Watermark in Large Language Models |
| topic | Cryptography and Security Artificial Intelligence |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.10893 |