Mutual Coupling-Aware Beamforming in Multi-User Continuous Aperture Array Systems
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arXiv
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866908959920619520 |
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| author | Ye, Junjie Wang, Zhaolin Liu, Yuanwei Zhang, Peichang Huang, Lei Nallanathan, Arumugam |
| author_facet | Ye, Junjie Wang, Zhaolin Liu, Yuanwei Zhang, Peichang Huang, Lei Nallanathan, Arumugam |
| contents | A mutual coupling-aware beamforming design for continuous aperture array (CAPA)-aided multi-user systems is investigated. First, a transmit coupling kernel is characterized to explicitly capture the mutual coupling effects inherent in CAPAs, based on which a mutual coupling-aware sum-rate maximization functional optimization problem is formulated. To address this problem, a kernel approximation (KA)-based weighted minimum mean-squared error (WMMSE) algorithm is developed. The optimal beamforming condition is derived within the WMMSE framework using the calculus of variations, while KA is employed to obtain a closed-form beamforming solution via wavenumber-domain Fourier transforms and Gauss-Legendre quadrature. Furthermore, the proposed framework is extended to CAPA-to-CAPA multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. Finally, numerical results demonstrate that: 1) the proposed algorithm achieves improved performance compared to benchmark schemes; 2) the modeled coupling effects are physically rational, where the performance of spatially discrete arrays converges to that of CAPAs; and 3) CAPA-to-CAPA MIMO systems can achieve higher degrees of freedom when the transceivers are placed in close proximity. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_11286 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Mutual Coupling-Aware Beamforming in Multi-User Continuous Aperture Array Systems Ye, Junjie Wang, Zhaolin Liu, Yuanwei Zhang, Peichang Huang, Lei Nallanathan, Arumugam Signal Processing A mutual coupling-aware beamforming design for continuous aperture array (CAPA)-aided multi-user systems is investigated. First, a transmit coupling kernel is characterized to explicitly capture the mutual coupling effects inherent in CAPAs, based on which a mutual coupling-aware sum-rate maximization functional optimization problem is formulated. To address this problem, a kernel approximation (KA)-based weighted minimum mean-squared error (WMMSE) algorithm is developed. The optimal beamforming condition is derived within the WMMSE framework using the calculus of variations, while KA is employed to obtain a closed-form beamforming solution via wavenumber-domain Fourier transforms and Gauss-Legendre quadrature. Furthermore, the proposed framework is extended to CAPA-to-CAPA multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. Finally, numerical results demonstrate that: 1) the proposed algorithm achieves improved performance compared to benchmark schemes; 2) the modeled coupling effects are physically rational, where the performance of spatially discrete arrays converges to that of CAPAs; and 3) CAPA-to-CAPA MIMO systems can achieve higher degrees of freedom when the transceivers are placed in close proximity. |
| title | Mutual Coupling-Aware Beamforming in Multi-User Continuous Aperture Array Systems |
| topic | Signal Processing |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.11286 |