Mutual Coupling-Aware Beamforming in Multi-User Continuous Aperture Array Systems

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Ye, Junjie, Wang, Zhaolin, Liu, Yuanwei, Zhang, Peichang, Huang, Lei, Nallanathan, Arumugam
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Ye, Junjie
Wang, Zhaolin
Liu, Yuanwei
Zhang, Peichang
Huang, Lei
Nallanathan, Arumugam
author_facet Ye, Junjie
Wang, Zhaolin
Liu, Yuanwei
Zhang, Peichang
Huang, Lei
Nallanathan, Arumugam
contents A mutual coupling-aware beamforming design for continuous aperture array (CAPA)-aided multi-user systems is investigated. First, a transmit coupling kernel is characterized to explicitly capture the mutual coupling effects inherent in CAPAs, based on which a mutual coupling-aware sum-rate maximization functional optimization problem is formulated. To address this problem, a kernel approximation (KA)-based weighted minimum mean-squared error (WMMSE) algorithm is developed. The optimal beamforming condition is derived within the WMMSE framework using the calculus of variations, while KA is employed to obtain a closed-form beamforming solution via wavenumber-domain Fourier transforms and Gauss-Legendre quadrature. Furthermore, the proposed framework is extended to CAPA-to-CAPA multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. Finally, numerical results demonstrate that: 1) the proposed algorithm achieves improved performance compared to benchmark schemes; 2) the modeled coupling effects are physically rational, where the performance of spatially discrete arrays converges to that of CAPAs; and 3) CAPA-to-CAPA MIMO systems can achieve higher degrees of freedom when the transceivers are placed in close proximity.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_11286
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Mutual Coupling-Aware Beamforming in Multi-User Continuous Aperture Array Systems
Ye, Junjie
Wang, Zhaolin
Liu, Yuanwei
Zhang, Peichang
Huang, Lei
Nallanathan, Arumugam
Signal Processing
A mutual coupling-aware beamforming design for continuous aperture array (CAPA)-aided multi-user systems is investigated. First, a transmit coupling kernel is characterized to explicitly capture the mutual coupling effects inherent in CAPAs, based on which a mutual coupling-aware sum-rate maximization functional optimization problem is formulated. To address this problem, a kernel approximation (KA)-based weighted minimum mean-squared error (WMMSE) algorithm is developed. The optimal beamforming condition is derived within the WMMSE framework using the calculus of variations, while KA is employed to obtain a closed-form beamforming solution via wavenumber-domain Fourier transforms and Gauss-Legendre quadrature. Furthermore, the proposed framework is extended to CAPA-to-CAPA multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. Finally, numerical results demonstrate that: 1) the proposed algorithm achieves improved performance compared to benchmark schemes; 2) the modeled coupling effects are physically rational, where the performance of spatially discrete arrays converges to that of CAPAs; and 3) CAPA-to-CAPA MIMO systems can achieve higher degrees of freedom when the transceivers are placed in close proximity.
title Mutual Coupling-Aware Beamforming in Multi-User Continuous Aperture Array Systems
topic Signal Processing
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.11286