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Main Authors: Drobchik, Sophia A., Khaibrakhmanov, Sergey A.
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.11642
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author Drobchik, Sophia A.
Khaibrakhmanov, Sergey A.
author_facet Drobchik, Sophia A.
Khaibrakhmanov, Sergey A.
contents We compiled a sample of $1155$ protoplanetary disks, combining data from ten surveys of star-forming regions. Based on the sample, we constructed a power-law approximation of the disk mass distribution: $dN/dM \propto M^{-β}$, $β= 1.36 \pm 0.14$. We used the sample for a statistical analysis of the gravitational stability of protoplanetary disks. To analyze the stability of the disks, we calculated the Toomre parameter ($Q$) for each of them. In the calculations, it was assumed that the radial density distribution in the disks is described by a power-law profile. The calculations of the Toomre parameter show that only $1.2$ % of the disks in the sample are formally unstable ($Q < 1$), while $1.7$ % are in a state of marginal stability ($1 \leq Q \leq 2$). The low observed abundance of unstable disks contradicts theoretical expectations and may be explained by a systematic underestimation of disk masses due to limitations of observational methods. Considering the effects of optical depth, CO depletion, as well as uncertainty in the gas-to-dust ratio, we conclude that the actual fraction of the gravitationally unstable systems may be significantly higher.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_11642
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Investigation of gravitational stability of protoplanetary disks based on statistical analysis of their masses
Drobchik, Sophia A.
Khaibrakhmanov, Sergey A.
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
We compiled a sample of $1155$ protoplanetary disks, combining data from ten surveys of star-forming regions. Based on the sample, we constructed a power-law approximation of the disk mass distribution: $dN/dM \propto M^{-β}$, $β= 1.36 \pm 0.14$. We used the sample for a statistical analysis of the gravitational stability of protoplanetary disks. To analyze the stability of the disks, we calculated the Toomre parameter ($Q$) for each of them. In the calculations, it was assumed that the radial density distribution in the disks is described by a power-law profile. The calculations of the Toomre parameter show that only $1.2$ % of the disks in the sample are formally unstable ($Q < 1$), while $1.7$ % are in a state of marginal stability ($1 \leq Q \leq 2$). The low observed abundance of unstable disks contradicts theoretical expectations and may be explained by a systematic underestimation of disk masses due to limitations of observational methods. Considering the effects of optical depth, CO depletion, as well as uncertainty in the gas-to-dust ratio, we conclude that the actual fraction of the gravitationally unstable systems may be significantly higher.
title Investigation of gravitational stability of protoplanetary disks based on statistical analysis of their masses
topic Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.11642