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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Matheu, Ryan, Baras, John S., Belta, Calin
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
Subjects:
Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.12092
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author Matheu, Ryan
Baras, John S.
Belta, Calin
author_facet Matheu, Ryan
Baras, John S.
Belta, Calin
contents Behavior Trees (BTs) provide designers an intuitive graphical interface to construct long-horizon plans for autonomous systems. To ensure their correctness and safety, rigorous formal models and verification techniques are essential. Temporal BTs (TBTs) offer a promising approach by leveraging existing temporal logic formalisms to specify and verify the executions of BTs. However, this analysis is currently limited to offline post hoc analysis and trace repair. In this paper, we reformulate TBTs using a ternary-valued Signal Temporal Logic (STL) amenable for control synthesis. Ternary logic introduces a third truth value \textit{Unknown}, formally capturing cases where a trajectory has neither fully satisfied or dissatisfied a specification. We propose mixed-integer linear encodings for partial trajectory STL and TBTs over ternary logic allowing for correct-by-construction control strategies for linear dynamical systems via mixed-integer optimization. We demonstrate the utility of our framework by solving optimal control problems.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_12092
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Ternary Logic Encodings of Temporal Behavior Trees with Application to Control Synthesis
Matheu, Ryan
Baras, John S.
Belta, Calin
Robotics
Systems and Control
Behavior Trees (BTs) provide designers an intuitive graphical interface to construct long-horizon plans for autonomous systems. To ensure their correctness and safety, rigorous formal models and verification techniques are essential. Temporal BTs (TBTs) offer a promising approach by leveraging existing temporal logic formalisms to specify and verify the executions of BTs. However, this analysis is currently limited to offline post hoc analysis and trace repair. In this paper, we reformulate TBTs using a ternary-valued Signal Temporal Logic (STL) amenable for control synthesis. Ternary logic introduces a third truth value \textit{Unknown}, formally capturing cases where a trajectory has neither fully satisfied or dissatisfied a specification. We propose mixed-integer linear encodings for partial trajectory STL and TBTs over ternary logic allowing for correct-by-construction control strategies for linear dynamical systems via mixed-integer optimization. We demonstrate the utility of our framework by solving optimal control problems.
title Ternary Logic Encodings of Temporal Behavior Trees with Application to Control Synthesis
topic Robotics
Systems and Control
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.12092