Grid-Forming Characterization in DC Microgrids
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arXiv
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| author | Krajacic, Jovan Stanojev, Ognjen Schweizer, Mario Karaca, Orcun Hug, Gabriela Lazarević, Vladan |
| author_facet | Krajacic, Jovan Stanojev, Ognjen Schweizer, Mario Karaca, Orcun Hug, Gabriela Lazarević, Vladan |
| contents | DC microgrids are converter-based electrical networks that are increasingly being used in various applications, including data centers and industrial distribution systems. A central challenge in their operation is maintaining the DC-bus voltage within predefined limits while ensuring overall system stability. Although a wide variety of converter control algorithms has been proposed to achieve these objectives, the literature lacks a clear and physically interpretable framework for evaluating their effectiveness and for classifying and comparing them. Moreover, the grid-forming versus grid-following distinction that exists in AC systems has largely been unexplored in DC microgrids. To address this gap, this paper introduces three novel impedance-based indices that can be used to quantify the voltage-forming and current-forming behavior of a converter. The indices also provide a basis for defining the desired converter behavior that yields superior DC-bus voltage regulation performance. Simulation results illustrate the application of the framework to several representative control strategies and highlight the strengths and limitations of these control algorithms. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_12804 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Grid-Forming Characterization in DC Microgrids Krajacic, Jovan Stanojev, Ognjen Schweizer, Mario Karaca, Orcun Hug, Gabriela Lazarević, Vladan Systems and Control DC microgrids are converter-based electrical networks that are increasingly being used in various applications, including data centers and industrial distribution systems. A central challenge in their operation is maintaining the DC-bus voltage within predefined limits while ensuring overall system stability. Although a wide variety of converter control algorithms has been proposed to achieve these objectives, the literature lacks a clear and physically interpretable framework for evaluating their effectiveness and for classifying and comparing them. Moreover, the grid-forming versus grid-following distinction that exists in AC systems has largely been unexplored in DC microgrids. To address this gap, this paper introduces three novel impedance-based indices that can be used to quantify the voltage-forming and current-forming behavior of a converter. The indices also provide a basis for defining the desired converter behavior that yields superior DC-bus voltage regulation performance. Simulation results illustrate the application of the framework to several representative control strategies and highlight the strengths and limitations of these control algorithms. |
| title | Grid-Forming Characterization in DC Microgrids |
| topic | Systems and Control |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.12804 |