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| Natura: | Preprint |
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2026
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| Accesso online: | https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.13570 |
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| _version_ | 1866917409681571840 |
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| author | Liu, Fu Li, Hongyu Shen, Shanpu |
| author_facet | Liu, Fu Li, Hongyu Shen, Shanpu |
| contents | Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs), originally in the passive form, have attracted attention due to their benefits in enhanced wave manipulating through flexible inter-element connections and element arrangements. To mitigate the severe multiplicative fading, the concept of active BD-RISs with signal amplification capability has recently been proposed. Inspired by this, we investigate the hybrid transmitting and reflecting mode of active BD-RISs to achieve full-space coverage. We start by deriving a physics compliant communication model applying active BD-RIS with hybrid mode. We further propose novel architectures including reciprocal and non-reciprocal implementations with cell-wise single, group, and fully connections. We also develop a unified optimization framework for the joint transmit precoding and hybrid mode active BD-RIS design to maximize the sum rate of multi-user communication systems, which is applicable to all considered architectures. Numerical results demonstrate that, under the same total power budget, the proposed active BD-RIS with hybrid mode substantially outperforms active and passive simultaneous transmitting and reflecting RISs as well as passive BD-RISs with hybrid mode. This shows the synergy gain from inter-element connection, element arrangements, and active amplification. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_13570 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Active Beyond-Diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface with Hybrid Transmitting and Reflecting Mode Liu, Fu Li, Hongyu Shen, Shanpu Signal Processing Information Theory Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs), originally in the passive form, have attracted attention due to their benefits in enhanced wave manipulating through flexible inter-element connections and element arrangements. To mitigate the severe multiplicative fading, the concept of active BD-RISs with signal amplification capability has recently been proposed. Inspired by this, we investigate the hybrid transmitting and reflecting mode of active BD-RISs to achieve full-space coverage. We start by deriving a physics compliant communication model applying active BD-RIS with hybrid mode. We further propose novel architectures including reciprocal and non-reciprocal implementations with cell-wise single, group, and fully connections. We also develop a unified optimization framework for the joint transmit precoding and hybrid mode active BD-RIS design to maximize the sum rate of multi-user communication systems, which is applicable to all considered architectures. Numerical results demonstrate that, under the same total power budget, the proposed active BD-RIS with hybrid mode substantially outperforms active and passive simultaneous transmitting and reflecting RISs as well as passive BD-RISs with hybrid mode. This shows the synergy gain from inter-element connection, element arrangements, and active amplification. |
| title | Active Beyond-Diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface with Hybrid Transmitting and Reflecting Mode |
| topic | Signal Processing Information Theory |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.13570 |