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Main Authors: Huang, Youling, Chen, Guanqiao, Yao, Junchi, Wang, Lu, Yang, Fangkai, Du, Chao, Zhao, ChenZhuo, Zhao, Pu, Lin, Qingwei, Rajmohan, Saravan, Zhang, Dongmei
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.13824
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author Huang, Youling
Chen, Guanqiao
Yao, Junchi
Wang, Lu
Yang, Fangkai
Du, Chao
Zhao, ChenZhuo
Zhao, Pu
Lin, Qingwei
Rajmohan, Saravan
Zhang, Dongmei
author_facet Huang, Youling
Chen, Guanqiao
Yao, Junchi
Wang, Lu
Yang, Fangkai
Du, Chao
Zhao, ChenZhuo
Zhao, Pu
Lin, Qingwei
Rajmohan, Saravan
Zhang, Dongmei
contents World models have been emerging as critical components for assessing the consequences of actions generated by interactive agents in online planning and offline evaluation. In text-based environments, world models are typically evaluated and trained with single-step metrics such as Exact Match, aiming to improve the similarity between predicted and real-world states, but such metrics have been shown to be insufficient for capturing actual agent behavior. To address this issue, we introduce a new behavior-aligned training paradigm aimed at improving the functional consistency between the world model and the real environment. This paradigm focuses on optimizing a tractable step-level metric named Behavior Consistency Reward (BehR), which measures how much the likelihood of a logged next action changes between the real state and the world-model-predicted state under a frozen Reference Agent. Experiments on WebShop and TextWorld show that BehR-based training improves long-term alignment in several settings, with the clearest gains in WebShop and less movement in near-ceiling regimes, while preserving or improving single-step prediction quality in three of four settings. World models trained with BehR also achieve lower false positives in offline surrogate evaluation and show modest but encouraging gains in inference-time lookahead planning.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_13824
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Beyond State Consistency: Behavior Consistency in Text-Based World Models
Huang, Youling
Chen, Guanqiao
Yao, Junchi
Wang, Lu
Yang, Fangkai
Du, Chao
Zhao, ChenZhuo
Zhao, Pu
Lin, Qingwei
Rajmohan, Saravan
Zhang, Dongmei
Machine Learning
World models have been emerging as critical components for assessing the consequences of actions generated by interactive agents in online planning and offline evaluation. In text-based environments, world models are typically evaluated and trained with single-step metrics such as Exact Match, aiming to improve the similarity between predicted and real-world states, but such metrics have been shown to be insufficient for capturing actual agent behavior. To address this issue, we introduce a new behavior-aligned training paradigm aimed at improving the functional consistency between the world model and the real environment. This paradigm focuses on optimizing a tractable step-level metric named Behavior Consistency Reward (BehR), which measures how much the likelihood of a logged next action changes between the real state and the world-model-predicted state under a frozen Reference Agent. Experiments on WebShop and TextWorld show that BehR-based training improves long-term alignment in several settings, with the clearest gains in WebShop and less movement in near-ceiling regimes, while preserving or improving single-step prediction quality in three of four settings. World models trained with BehR also achieve lower false positives in offline surrogate evaluation and show modest but encouraging gains in inference-time lookahead planning.
title Beyond State Consistency: Behavior Consistency in Text-Based World Models
topic Machine Learning
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.13824