Entanglement and circuit complexity in finite-depth random linear optical networks

Fuente: arXiv
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Hauptverfasser: Shou, Laura, Iosue, Joseph T., Wang, Yu-Xin, Galitski, Victor, Gorshkov, Alexey V.
Format: Preprint
Veröffentlicht: 2026
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author Shou, Laura
Iosue, Joseph T.
Wang, Yu-Xin
Galitski, Victor
Gorshkov, Alexey V.
author_facet Shou, Laura
Iosue, Joseph T.
Wang, Yu-Xin
Galitski, Victor
Gorshkov, Alexey V.
contents We study the growth of entanglement and circuit complexity in random passive linear optical networks as a function of the circuit depth. For entanglement dynamics, we start with an initial Gaussian state with all $n$ modes squeezed. For random brickwall circuits, we show that entanglement, as measured by the Rényi-2 entropy, grows at most diffusively as a function of the depth. In the other direction, for arbitrary circuit geometries we prove bounds on depths which ensure the average subsystem entanglement reaches within a constant factor of the maximum value in all subsystems, and bounds which ensure closeness of the random linear optical unitary to a Haar random unitary in $L^2$ Wasserstein distance. We also consider robust circuit complexity for random one-dimensional brickwall circuits, as measured by the minimum number of gates required in any circuit that approximately implements the linear optical unitary. Viewing this as a function of the number of modes and the circuit depth, we show the robust circuit complexity for random one-dimensional brickwall circuits scales at most diffusively in the depth with high probability. The corresponding Gaussian unitary $\tilde{\mathcal U}$ for the approximate implementation retains high output fidelity $|\langleψ|\mathcal U^\dagger \tilde{\mathcal U}|ψ\rangle|^2$ for pure states $|ψ\rangle$ with constrained expected photon-number.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_14277
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Entanglement and circuit complexity in finite-depth random linear optical networks
Shou, Laura
Iosue, Joseph T.
Wang, Yu-Xin
Galitski, Victor
Gorshkov, Alexey V.
Quantum Physics
Mathematical Physics
Probability
We study the growth of entanglement and circuit complexity in random passive linear optical networks as a function of the circuit depth. For entanglement dynamics, we start with an initial Gaussian state with all $n$ modes squeezed. For random brickwall circuits, we show that entanglement, as measured by the Rényi-2 entropy, grows at most diffusively as a function of the depth. In the other direction, for arbitrary circuit geometries we prove bounds on depths which ensure the average subsystem entanglement reaches within a constant factor of the maximum value in all subsystems, and bounds which ensure closeness of the random linear optical unitary to a Haar random unitary in $L^2$ Wasserstein distance. We also consider robust circuit complexity for random one-dimensional brickwall circuits, as measured by the minimum number of gates required in any circuit that approximately implements the linear optical unitary. Viewing this as a function of the number of modes and the circuit depth, we show the robust circuit complexity for random one-dimensional brickwall circuits scales at most diffusively in the depth with high probability. The corresponding Gaussian unitary $\tilde{\mathcal U}$ for the approximate implementation retains high output fidelity $|\langleψ|\mathcal U^\dagger \tilde{\mathcal U}|ψ\rangle|^2$ for pure states $|ψ\rangle$ with constrained expected photon-number.
title Entanglement and circuit complexity in finite-depth random linear optical networks
topic Quantum Physics
Mathematical Physics
Probability
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.14277