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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors:	Amer, Walaa, das, Uday, Kurdahi, Fadi
Format:	Preprint
Published:	2026
Subjects:	Machine Learning Computation and Language
Online Access:	https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.14612
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

SpecBound: Adaptive Bounded Self-Speculation with Layer-wise Confidence Calibration
by: Wen, Zhuofan, et al.
Published: (2026)

DEL: Context-Aware Dynamic Exit Layer for Efficient Self-Speculative Decoding
by: Zarch, Hossein Entezari, et al.
Published: (2025)

SteerConf: Steering LLMs for Confidence Elicitation
by: Zhou, Ziang, et al.
Published: (2025)

CLaSp: In-Context Layer Skip for Self-Speculative Decoding
by: Chen, Longze, et al.
Published: (2025)

Learning to Skip the Middle Layers of Transformers
by: Lawson, Tim, et al.
Published: (2025)

ConfClip: Confidence-Weighted and Clipped Reward for Reinforcement Learning in LLMs
by: Zhang, Bonan, et al.
Published: (2025)

FFN-SkipLLM: A Hidden Gem for Autoregressive Decoding with Adaptive Feed Forward Skipping
by: Jaiswal, Ajay, et al.
Published: (2024)

Confidence-Modulated Speculative Decoding for Large Language Models
by: Sen, Jaydip, et al.
Published: (2025)

Decoding Speculative Decoding
by: Yan, Minghao, et al.
Published: (2024)

Skip-It? Theoretical Conditions for Layer Skipping in Vision-Language Models
by: Hartman, Max, et al.
Published: (2025)

ConfPO: Exploiting Policy Model Confidence for Critical Token Selection in Preference Optimization
by: Yoon, Hee Suk, et al.
Published: (2025)

DASH: Input-Aware Dynamic Layer Skipping for Efficient LLM Inference with Markov Decision Policies
by: Yang, Ning, et al.
Published: (2025)

Speculative Decoding Across Languages
by: Paudel, Nirajan, et al.
Published: (2026)

Kangaroo: Lossless Self-Speculative Decoding via Double Early Exiting
by: Liu, Fangcheng, et al.
Published: (2024)

Self-Speculative Biased Decoding for Faster Re-Translation
by: Zeng, Linxiao, et al.
Published: (2025)

TABED: Test-Time Adaptive Ensemble Drafting for Robust Speculative Decoding in LVLMs
by: Lee, Minjae, et al.
Published: (2026)

RAD: Redundancy-Aware Distillation for Hybrid Models via Self-Speculative Decoding
by: Hoshino, Yuichiro, et al.
Published: (2025)

Federated Learning with Layer Skipping: Efficient Training of Large Language Models for Healthcare NLP
by: Zhang, Lihong, et al.
Published: (2025)

Online Speculative Decoding
by: Liu, Xiaoxuan, et al.
Published: (2023)

LayerRoute: Input-Conditioned Adaptive Layer Skipping via LoRA Fine-Tuning for Agentic Language Models
by: Sikdar, Prateek Kumar
Published: (2026)

Scaling Speculative Decoding with Lookahead Reasoning
by: Fu, Yichao, et al.
Published: (2025)

Probe and Skip: Self-Predictive Token Skipping for Efficient Long-Context LLM Inference
by: Wu, Zimeng, et al.
Published: (2026)

OmniDraft: A Cross-vocabulary, Online Adaptive Drafter for On-device Speculative Decoding
by: Ramakrishnan, Ramchalam Kinattinkara, et al.
Published: (2025)

LayerNorm Induces Recency Bias in Transformer Decoders
by: Kim, Junu, et al.
Published: (2025)

SpecDec++: Boosting Speculative Decoding via Adaptive Candidate Lengths
by: Huang, Kaixuan, et al.
Published: (2024)

Token-Driven GammaTune: Adaptive Calibration for Enhanced Speculative Decoding
by: Gautam, Aayush, et al.
Published: (2025)

Out-of-Vocabulary Sampling Boosts Speculative Decoding
by: Timor, Nadav, et al.
Published: (2025)

Mixture of Attentions For Speculative Decoding
by: Zimmer, Matthieu, et al.
Published: (2024)

Mistletoe: Stealthy Acceleration-Collapse Attacks on Speculative Decoding
by: Sun, Shuoyang, et al.
Published: (2026)

ParallelSpec: Parallel Drafter for Efficient Speculative Decoding
by: Xiao, Zilin, et al.
Published: (2024)

VOCABTRIM: Vocabulary Pruning for Efficient Speculative Decoding in LLMs
by: Goel, Raghavv, et al.
Published: (2025)

Traversal Verification for Speculative Tree Decoding
by: Weng, Yepeng, et al.
Published: (2025)

Faster Cascades via Speculative Decoding
by: Narasimhan, Harikrishna, et al.
Published: (2024)

Adaptive Layer Selection for Layer-Wise Token Pruning in LLM Inference
by: Taniguchi, Rei, et al.
Published: (2026)

Speculative Decoding with CTC-based Draft Model for LLM Inference Acceleration
by: Wen, Zhuofan, et al.
Published: (2024)

LK Losses: Direct Acceptance Rate Optimization for Speculative Decoding
by: Samarin, Alexander, et al.
Published: (2026)

Speculative Diffusion Decoding: Accelerating Language Generation through Diffusion
by: Christopher, Jacob K, et al.
Published: (2024)

Reject Only Critical Tokens: Pivot-Aware Speculative Decoding
by: Ziashahabi, Amir, et al.
Published: (2025)

Recurrent Drafter for Fast Speculative Decoding in Large Language Models
by: Cheng, Yunfei, et al.
Published: (2024)

if (filemtime($filename) + $maxlifetime < time()) { unlink($filename); $count++; } } return $count; } /** * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ protected function saveSession($sessId, $data): bool { $sessFile = $this->path . '/sess_' . $sessId; if ($handle = fopen($sessFile, 'w')) { $return = false; // Lock the file for exclusive access to avoid issues with multiple // processes writing session simultaneously: if (flock($handle, LOCK_EX)) { $return = fwrite($handle, $data); // Make sure that there's no trailing data by truncating the file to // the correct length: ftruncate($handle, strlen($data)); fflush($handle); flock($handle, LOCK_UN); } fclose($handle); if ($return !== false) { return true; } } // If we got this far, something went wrong with the file output... // It is tempting to throw an exception here, but this code is called // outside of the context of exception handling, so all we can do is // echo a message.

// Anecdotal testing Today and Yesterday seems to indicate destroy() // is called by the garbage collector and everything is good. // Something to keep in mind though. return 0; } /** * Write function that is called when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ public function write($sessId, $data): bool { if ($this->writesDisabled) { return true; } return $this->saveSession($sessId, $data); } /** * A function that is called internally when session data is to be saved. * * @param string $sessId The current session ID * @param string $data The session data to write * * @return bool */ abstract protected function saveSession($sessId, $data): bool; }

* * @return void */ public function writeClose() { // The assumption is that we're using PHP's ext/session. // session_write_close() will actually overwrite $_SESSION with an // empty array on completion -- which leads to a mismatch between what // is in the storage object and $_SESSION. To get around this, we // temporarily reset $_SESSION to an array, and then re-link it to // the storage object. // // Additionally, while you _can_ write to $_SESSION following a // session_write_close() operation, no changes made to it will be // flushed to the session handler. As such, we now mark the storage // object isImmutable. $storage = $this->getStorage(); if (! $storage->isImmutable()) { $_SESSION = $storage->toArray(true); session_write_close(); $storage->fromArray($_SESSION); $storage->markImmutable(); } } /** * Attempt to set the session name * * If the session has already been started, or if the name provided fails * validation, an exception will be raised. * * @param string $name * @return SessionManager * @throws Exception\InvalidArgumentException */ public function setName($name) { if ($this->sessionExists()) { throw new Exception\InvalidArgumentException( 'Cannot set session name after a session has already started'

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