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Main Authors: Cipollini, Marco, Rizzo, Simone, Iserte, Sergio, Viviani, Paolo, Vitali, Giacomo, Barbieri, Matteo, Bettonte, Gabriella, Boella, Elisabetta, Ganz, Fulvio, Rocco, Roberto, Spina, Orazio, Peña, Antonio J., Sandås, Petter, Colonnelli, Iacopo, Scionti, Alberto, Vercellino, Chiara, Dri, Emanuele, Frassineti, Jonathan, Marzella, Sara, Muratori, Andrea, Ottaviani, Daniele, Terzo, Olivier, Montrucchio, Bartolomeo, Gregori, Daniele
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.14955
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author Cipollini, Marco
Rizzo, Simone
Iserte, Sergio
Viviani, Paolo
Vitali, Giacomo
Barbieri, Matteo
Bettonte, Gabriella
Boella, Elisabetta
Ganz, Fulvio
Rocco, Roberto
Spina, Orazio
Peña, Antonio J.
Sandås, Petter
Colonnelli, Iacopo
Scionti, Alberto
Vercellino, Chiara
Dri, Emanuele
Frassineti, Jonathan
Marzella, Sara
Muratori, Andrea
Ottaviani, Daniele
Terzo, Olivier
Montrucchio, Bartolomeo
Gregori, Daniele
author_facet Cipollini, Marco
Rizzo, Simone
Iserte, Sergio
Viviani, Paolo
Vitali, Giacomo
Barbieri, Matteo
Bettonte, Gabriella
Boella, Elisabetta
Ganz, Fulvio
Rocco, Roberto
Spina, Orazio
Peña, Antonio J.
Sandås, Petter
Colonnelli, Iacopo
Scionti, Alberto
Vercellino, Chiara
Dri, Emanuele
Frassineti, Jonathan
Marzella, Sara
Muratori, Andrea
Ottaviani, Daniele
Terzo, Olivier
Montrucchio, Bartolomeo
Gregori, Daniele
contents As quantum computing (QC) technologies mature, their integration into established high-performance computing (HPC) infrastructures is becoming a central objective for next-generation computing systems. However, unlocking the potential of hybrid platforms for computationally demanding workloads remains challenging. The mismatch between quantum and classical programming models, the limited maturity of quantum software stacks, and the scarcity of quantum processing units (QPUs) above all, necessitate scheduling strategies that go beyond standard HPC mechanisms to manage such heterogeneous and constrained resources. To address this issue, we investigate three distinct methodologies for HPC-QC resource scheduling: time-based multiplexing, dynamic resource management, and workflow decomposition. Experimental validation on production HPC clusters and real quantum hardware demonstrates the effectiveness of these approaches under different workload scenarios. Malleability and workflow strategies significantly optimize classical resource utilization, reducing consumption by up to 45.7% and 64% respectively, proving to be best fitted for hybrid jobs where quantum and classical workloads are evenly balanced. Conversely, time-multiplexing enhances QPU utilization and reduces execution time at the cluster level, making it the optimal strategy for the opposite context, which is characterized by high classical-quantum workload imbalances. These findings underscore the practical viability of tailored scheduling strategies for hybrid HPC-QC environments and highlight their complementarity in building efficient, scalable software stacks for next-generation quantum-accelerated facilities.
format Preprint
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publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Three ways to share a QPU: Scheduling strategies for hybrid Quantum-HPC applications
Cipollini, Marco
Rizzo, Simone
Iserte, Sergio
Viviani, Paolo
Vitali, Giacomo
Barbieri, Matteo
Bettonte, Gabriella
Boella, Elisabetta
Ganz, Fulvio
Rocco, Roberto
Spina, Orazio
Peña, Antonio J.
Sandås, Petter
Colonnelli, Iacopo
Scionti, Alberto
Vercellino, Chiara
Dri, Emanuele
Frassineti, Jonathan
Marzella, Sara
Muratori, Andrea
Ottaviani, Daniele
Terzo, Olivier
Montrucchio, Bartolomeo
Gregori, Daniele
Quantum Physics
As quantum computing (QC) technologies mature, their integration into established high-performance computing (HPC) infrastructures is becoming a central objective for next-generation computing systems. However, unlocking the potential of hybrid platforms for computationally demanding workloads remains challenging. The mismatch between quantum and classical programming models, the limited maturity of quantum software stacks, and the scarcity of quantum processing units (QPUs) above all, necessitate scheduling strategies that go beyond standard HPC mechanisms to manage such heterogeneous and constrained resources. To address this issue, we investigate three distinct methodologies for HPC-QC resource scheduling: time-based multiplexing, dynamic resource management, and workflow decomposition. Experimental validation on production HPC clusters and real quantum hardware demonstrates the effectiveness of these approaches under different workload scenarios. Malleability and workflow strategies significantly optimize classical resource utilization, reducing consumption by up to 45.7% and 64% respectively, proving to be best fitted for hybrid jobs where quantum and classical workloads are evenly balanced. Conversely, time-multiplexing enhances QPU utilization and reduces execution time at the cluster level, making it the optimal strategy for the opposite context, which is characterized by high classical-quantum workload imbalances. These findings underscore the practical viability of tailored scheduling strategies for hybrid HPC-QC environments and highlight their complementarity in building efficient, scalable software stacks for next-generation quantum-accelerated facilities.
title Three ways to share a QPU: Scheduling strategies for hybrid Quantum-HPC applications
topic Quantum Physics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.14955