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Main Authors: Bernardi, Giacomo, Mahajan, Ratul, Seshadhri, C., Carlesso, Enrico, Joseph, Chinchu Merine, Kumar, Saurabh, Manikonda, Pavan, Popa, Luiza, Ram, Randy, Robinson, Steven, Tennent, Elizabeth
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.15261
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author Bernardi, Giacomo
Mahajan, Ratul
Seshadhri, C.
Carlesso, Enrico
Joseph, Chinchu Merine
Kumar, Saurabh
Manikonda, Pavan
Popa, Luiza
Ram, Randy
Robinson, Steven
Tennent, Elizabeth
author_facet Bernardi, Giacomo
Mahajan, Ratul
Seshadhri, C.
Carlesso, Enrico
Joseph, Chinchu Merine
Kumar, Saurabh
Manikonda, Pavan
Popa, Luiza
Ram, Randy
Robinson, Steven
Tennent, Elizabeth
contents We design and deploy in production the first flat datacenter networks. Our design, called RNG, is based on quasi-random graphs. While the cost and fault-tolerance benefits of such topologies have been long known, their practical realization has been hampered by a lack of scalable routing and cabling approaches. RNG has a new distributed routing protocol that exploits the properties of random graphs to find a large number of edge disjoint paths between pairs of endpoints. It uses a novel passive optical device that internally shuffles cables, which makes its cabling complexity similar to that of fat trees. We show that RNG matches or exceeds the performance of fat trees for a range of traffic patterns, despite being up to 45% cheaper. RNG is now the default datacenter network for most workloads at Amazon.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_15261
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle RNG: Flat Datacenter Networks at Scale
Bernardi, Giacomo
Mahajan, Ratul
Seshadhri, C.
Carlesso, Enrico
Joseph, Chinchu Merine
Kumar, Saurabh
Manikonda, Pavan
Popa, Luiza
Ram, Randy
Robinson, Steven
Tennent, Elizabeth
Networking and Internet Architecture
We design and deploy in production the first flat datacenter networks. Our design, called RNG, is based on quasi-random graphs. While the cost and fault-tolerance benefits of such topologies have been long known, their practical realization has been hampered by a lack of scalable routing and cabling approaches. RNG has a new distributed routing protocol that exploits the properties of random graphs to find a large number of edge disjoint paths between pairs of endpoints. It uses a novel passive optical device that internally shuffles cables, which makes its cabling complexity similar to that of fat trees. We show that RNG matches or exceeds the performance of fat trees for a range of traffic patterns, despite being up to 45% cheaper. RNG is now the default datacenter network for most workloads at Amazon.
title RNG: Flat Datacenter Networks at Scale
topic Networking and Internet Architecture
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.15261