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Main Authors: Koch, Robert de Mello, Rodrigues, João P.
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
Subjects:
Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.15600
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author Koch, Robert de Mello
Rodrigues, João P.
author_facet Koch, Robert de Mello
Rodrigues, João P.
contents At finite $N$ the ring of gauge invariant operators is not freely generated. For problems of interest in physics, these rings are Cohen--Macaulay and admit a Hironaka decomposition, in which the full invariant ring is a free module over a polynomial ring generated by the primary invariants. The module basis is given by finitely many secondary invariants. This motivates a physical picture in which the primary invariants are regarded as perturbative degrees of freedom while the secondary invariants are associated with distinguished non-perturbative states or sectors. The purpose of this study is to show that a concrete algebraic version of this picture is visible in simple zero-dimensional matrix integrals.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_15600
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Secondary invariants and non-perturbative states
Koch, Robert de Mello
Rodrigues, João P.
High Energy Physics - Theory
At finite $N$ the ring of gauge invariant operators is not freely generated. For problems of interest in physics, these rings are Cohen--Macaulay and admit a Hironaka decomposition, in which the full invariant ring is a free module over a polynomial ring generated by the primary invariants. The module basis is given by finitely many secondary invariants. This motivates a physical picture in which the primary invariants are regarded as perturbative degrees of freedom while the secondary invariants are associated with distinguished non-perturbative states or sectors. The purpose of this study is to show that a concrete algebraic version of this picture is visible in simple zero-dimensional matrix integrals.
title Secondary invariants and non-perturbative states
topic High Energy Physics - Theory
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.15600