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Autori principali: Hasegawa, Hiroki, Tamura, Aoba, Okada, Yukihiko
Natura: Preprint
Pubblicazione: 2026
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Accesso online:https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.16894
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author Hasegawa, Hiroki
Tamura, Aoba
Okada, Yukihiko
author_facet Hasegawa, Hiroki
Tamura, Aoba
Okada, Yukihiko
contents Factor-based Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) relies on likelihood-based estimation assuming a nonsingular sample covariance matrix, which breaks down in small-sample settings with $p>n$. To address this, we propose a novel estimation principle that reformulates the covariance structure into self-covariance and cross-covariance components. The resulting framework defines a likelihood-based feasible set combined with a relative error constraint, enabling stable estimation in small-sample settings where $p>n$ for sign and direction. Experiments on synthetic and real-world data show improved stability, particularly in recovering the sign and direction of structural parameters. These results extend covariance-based SEM to small-sample settings and provide practically useful directional information for decision-making.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_16894
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modeling in Small-Sample Settings with $p>n$
Hasegawa, Hiroki
Tamura, Aoba
Okada, Yukihiko
Machine Learning
Methodology
Factor-based Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) relies on likelihood-based estimation assuming a nonsingular sample covariance matrix, which breaks down in small-sample settings with $p>n$. To address this, we propose a novel estimation principle that reformulates the covariance structure into self-covariance and cross-covariance components. The resulting framework defines a likelihood-based feasible set combined with a relative error constraint, enabling stable estimation in small-sample settings where $p>n$ for sign and direction. Experiments on synthetic and real-world data show improved stability, particularly in recovering the sign and direction of structural parameters. These results extend covariance-based SEM to small-sample settings and provide practically useful directional information for decision-making.
title Covariance-Based Structural Equation Modeling in Small-Sample Settings with $p>n$
topic Machine Learning
Methodology
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.16894