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Main Authors: Jiang, Jingzhou, Tang, Yixuan, Yang, Yi, Tam, Kar Yan
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.17344
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author Jiang, Jingzhou
Tang, Yixuan
Yang, Yi
Tam, Kar Yan
author_facet Jiang, Jingzhou
Tang, Yixuan
Yang, Yi
Tam, Kar Yan
contents When task-specific labels are not available, it becomes difficult to select an embedding model for a specific target corpus. Existing labelless measures based on kernel estimators or Gaussian mixes fail in high-dimensional space, resulting in unstable rankings. We propose a flow-based labelless representation embedding evaluation (FLARE), which utilizes normalized streams to estimate information sufficiency directly from log-likelihood and avoid distance-based density estimation. We give a finite sample boundary, indicating that the estimation error depends on the intrinsic dimension of the data manifold rather than the original embedding dimension. On 11 datasets and 8 embedders, FLARE reached Spearman's $ρ$ of 0.90 under the supervised benchmark and remained stable in high-dimensional embeddings ($d \geq 3{,}584$) as the existing labelless baseline collapsed.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_17344
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle FLARE: Task-agnostic embedding model evaluation through a normalization process
Jiang, Jingzhou
Tang, Yixuan
Yang, Yi
Tam, Kar Yan
Machine Learning
Computation and Language
When task-specific labels are not available, it becomes difficult to select an embedding model for a specific target corpus. Existing labelless measures based on kernel estimators or Gaussian mixes fail in high-dimensional space, resulting in unstable rankings. We propose a flow-based labelless representation embedding evaluation (FLARE), which utilizes normalized streams to estimate information sufficiency directly from log-likelihood and avoid distance-based density estimation. We give a finite sample boundary, indicating that the estimation error depends on the intrinsic dimension of the data manifold rather than the original embedding dimension. On 11 datasets and 8 embedders, FLARE reached Spearman's $ρ$ of 0.90 under the supervised benchmark and remained stable in high-dimensional embeddings ($d \geq 3{,}584$) as the existing labelless baseline collapsed.
title FLARE: Task-agnostic embedding model evaluation through a normalization process
topic Machine Learning
Computation and Language
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.17344