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Main Authors: Davari, Nazanin, Valiante, Rosa, Trinca, Alessandro, Schneider, Raffaella, Caleno, Riccardo, Colpi, Monica, Sedda, Manuel Arca, Bonetti, Matteo, Lupi, Alessandro, Decarli, Roberto, Sesana, Alberto
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.18173
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author Davari, Nazanin
Valiante, Rosa
Trinca, Alessandro
Schneider, Raffaella
Caleno, Riccardo
Colpi, Monica
Sedda, Manuel Arca
Bonetti, Matteo
Lupi, Alessandro
Decarli, Roberto
Sesana, Alberto
author_facet Davari, Nazanin
Valiante, Rosa
Trinca, Alessandro
Schneider, Raffaella
Caleno, Riccardo
Colpi, Monica
Sedda, Manuel Arca
Bonetti, Matteo
Lupi, Alessandro
Decarli, Roberto
Sesana, Alberto
contents Next generation detectors, such as LISA, LGWA, and ET will, for the first time, probe the high redshift Universe, offering unique insight into the birth, growth, and dynamics of the first black holes (BHs) during their earliest stages formation. We aim to predict merger rates and gravitational wave (GW) signatures of "cosmic" binary BHs, forming as a result of galaxy mergers, at z>=4. We investigate how BH seeding, accretion physics and dynamical delays affect their properties and detectability across cosmic epochs. We use the semi-analytic model Cosmic Archaeology Tool (CAT) to trace the evolution and delayed-mergers, driven by dynamical friction, of BH binaries formed from light, medium-weight and heavy seeds, under Eddington-limited (EL) and super-Eddington (SE) accretion prescriptions. We employ the GWFish package to evaluate their GW signals and detectability by LISA, LGWA and ET. Our results show the impact of BH accretion and seeding prescriptions on the properties and distribution of detectable sources. In the EL model, the detected populations are dominated by nearly equal-mass binaries. In contrast, SE growth leads to lower mass ratios for LISA detections and medium ratios for ET and LGWA. We present the total detection rates predicted under the two accretion scenarios. The SE model allows BHs to grow faster, transferring a significant fraction of detectable systems from the ET band to the LISA band, compared to the EL model. As a result, the predicted LISA detection rate increases from ~32 yr^-1 in the EL case to ~64 yr^-1 in the SE scenario, and the ET detection rate reduces from ~64 yr^-1 in the EL model to only ~4 yr^-1 in the SE scenario. LGWA yields comparable detection rates in both scenarios (~21 yr^-1 in EL and ~12 yr^-1 in SE). The combined information encoded in mass ratios, redshift evolution and merger rates emerge as a promising diagnostic of early BH growth.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_18173
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Gravitational Waves from the Cosmic Dawn: Tracing Cosmic Black Hole Binaries with ET, LGWA and LISA
Davari, Nazanin
Valiante, Rosa
Trinca, Alessandro
Schneider, Raffaella
Caleno, Riccardo
Colpi, Monica
Sedda, Manuel Arca
Bonetti, Matteo
Lupi, Alessandro
Decarli, Roberto
Sesana, Alberto
Astrophysics of Galaxies
Next generation detectors, such as LISA, LGWA, and ET will, for the first time, probe the high redshift Universe, offering unique insight into the birth, growth, and dynamics of the first black holes (BHs) during their earliest stages formation. We aim to predict merger rates and gravitational wave (GW) signatures of "cosmic" binary BHs, forming as a result of galaxy mergers, at z>=4. We investigate how BH seeding, accretion physics and dynamical delays affect their properties and detectability across cosmic epochs. We use the semi-analytic model Cosmic Archaeology Tool (CAT) to trace the evolution and delayed-mergers, driven by dynamical friction, of BH binaries formed from light, medium-weight and heavy seeds, under Eddington-limited (EL) and super-Eddington (SE) accretion prescriptions. We employ the GWFish package to evaluate their GW signals and detectability by LISA, LGWA and ET. Our results show the impact of BH accretion and seeding prescriptions on the properties and distribution of detectable sources. In the EL model, the detected populations are dominated by nearly equal-mass binaries. In contrast, SE growth leads to lower mass ratios for LISA detections and medium ratios for ET and LGWA. We present the total detection rates predicted under the two accretion scenarios. The SE model allows BHs to grow faster, transferring a significant fraction of detectable systems from the ET band to the LISA band, compared to the EL model. As a result, the predicted LISA detection rate increases from ~32 yr^-1 in the EL case to ~64 yr^-1 in the SE scenario, and the ET detection rate reduces from ~64 yr^-1 in the EL model to only ~4 yr^-1 in the SE scenario. LGWA yields comparable detection rates in both scenarios (~21 yr^-1 in EL and ~12 yr^-1 in SE). The combined information encoded in mass ratios, redshift evolution and merger rates emerge as a promising diagnostic of early BH growth.
title Gravitational Waves from the Cosmic Dawn: Tracing Cosmic Black Hole Binaries with ET, LGWA and LISA
topic Astrophysics of Galaxies
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.18173