QuIC: A Training-Free Quantum Graph Embedding from Ideal Analysis to Practical Hardware Evaluation

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Miller, Luke, Lee, Yugyung
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Miller, Luke
Lee, Yugyung
author_facet Miller, Luke
Lee, Yugyung
contents We introduce QuIC, a training-free quantum graph embedding that maps graphs to sorted output distributions via a fixed parameterized circuit. In the ideal one-repetition setting, we prove that the resulting sorted distribution is permutation-invariant and injective on labeled graphs under an irrational-angle condition, yielding completeness on isomorphism classes for the ideal one-repetition exact-arithmetic embedding. We then use those ideal structural properties to motivate a practical embedding pipeline and study how much of that behavior survives under finite-shot estimation, truncation, realistic noise, transpilation, and hardware execution. The sorted distribution concentrates discriminative signal in a compact head, making fixed-length head truncation an effective practical operating point in the tested regimes. Under noise-model simulation, all tested graph pairs satisfied the study's operational separation criterion, including strongly regular graph pairs that are standard 2-WL stress tests and CFI families used as hard instances for fixed-k WL methods. A hardware study comprising 14,800 transpiled circuits across 37 CFI families on IBM Heron (ibm_fez, 156 qubits), including paired one- and two-repetition evaluations, reports empirical separation up to 66 qubits for the tested families under the reported execution protocol, identifies a device-dependent depth limit near 210-250 layers, and characterizes the current practical boundary of the method under the reported execution protocol.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_18841
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle QuIC: A Training-Free Quantum Graph Embedding from Ideal Analysis to Practical Hardware Evaluation
Miller, Luke
Lee, Yugyung
Quantum Physics
81P68, 05C60, 68Q17
F.1.2; F.2.2; G.4; I.2.8
We introduce QuIC, a training-free quantum graph embedding that maps graphs to sorted output distributions via a fixed parameterized circuit. In the ideal one-repetition setting, we prove that the resulting sorted distribution is permutation-invariant and injective on labeled graphs under an irrational-angle condition, yielding completeness on isomorphism classes for the ideal one-repetition exact-arithmetic embedding. We then use those ideal structural properties to motivate a practical embedding pipeline and study how much of that behavior survives under finite-shot estimation, truncation, realistic noise, transpilation, and hardware execution. The sorted distribution concentrates discriminative signal in a compact head, making fixed-length head truncation an effective practical operating point in the tested regimes. Under noise-model simulation, all tested graph pairs satisfied the study's operational separation criterion, including strongly regular graph pairs that are standard 2-WL stress tests and CFI families used as hard instances for fixed-k WL methods. A hardware study comprising 14,800 transpiled circuits across 37 CFI families on IBM Heron (ibm_fez, 156 qubits), including paired one- and two-repetition evaluations, reports empirical separation up to 66 qubits for the tested families under the reported execution protocol, identifies a device-dependent depth limit near 210-250 layers, and characterizes the current practical boundary of the method under the reported execution protocol.
title QuIC: A Training-Free Quantum Graph Embedding from Ideal Analysis to Practical Hardware Evaluation
topic Quantum Physics
81P68, 05C60, 68Q17
F.1.2; F.2.2; G.4; I.2.8
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.18841