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Autores principales: Zhang, Qingyang, Kong, Xinke, Wu, Haitao, Hu, Qinghua, Wu, Minghao, Yang, Baosong, Cheng, Yu, Luo, Yun, Cui, Ganqu, Zhang, Changqing
Formato: Preprint
Publicado: 2026
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Acceso en línea:https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.19295
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author Zhang, Qingyang
Kong, Xinke
Wu, Haitao
Hu, Qinghua
Wu, Minghao
Yang, Baosong
Cheng, Yu
Luo, Yun
Cui, Ganqu
Zhang, Changqing
author_facet Zhang, Qingyang
Kong, Xinke
Wu, Haitao
Hu, Qinghua
Wu, Minghao
Yang, Baosong
Cheng, Yu
Luo, Yun
Cui, Ganqu
Zhang, Changqing
contents Test-time training (TTT) adapts model parameters on unlabeled test instances during inference time, which continuously extends capabilities beyond the reach of offline training. Despite initial gains, existing TTT methods for LRMs plateau quickly and do not benefit from additional test-time compute. Without external calibration, the self-generated reward signal increasingly drifts as the policy model evolves, leading to both performance plateaus and diversity collapse. We propose TEMPO, a TTT framework that interleaves policy refinement on unlabeled questions with periodic critic recalibration on a labeled dataset. By formalizing this alternating procedure through the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm, we reveal that prior methods can be interpreted as incomplete variants that omit the crucial recalibration step. Reintroducing this step tightens the evidence lower bound (ELBO) and enables sustained improvement. Across diverse model families (Qwen3 and OLMO3) and reasoning tasks, TEMPO improves OLMO3-7B on AIME 2024 from 33.0% to 51.1% and Qwen3-14B from 42.3% to 65.8%, while maintaining high diversity.
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publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle TEMPO: Scaling Test-time Training for Large Reasoning Models
Zhang, Qingyang
Kong, Xinke
Wu, Haitao
Hu, Qinghua
Wu, Minghao
Yang, Baosong
Cheng, Yu
Luo, Yun
Cui, Ganqu
Zhang, Changqing
Machine Learning
Test-time training (TTT) adapts model parameters on unlabeled test instances during inference time, which continuously extends capabilities beyond the reach of offline training. Despite initial gains, existing TTT methods for LRMs plateau quickly and do not benefit from additional test-time compute. Without external calibration, the self-generated reward signal increasingly drifts as the policy model evolves, leading to both performance plateaus and diversity collapse. We propose TEMPO, a TTT framework that interleaves policy refinement on unlabeled questions with periodic critic recalibration on a labeled dataset. By formalizing this alternating procedure through the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm, we reveal that prior methods can be interpreted as incomplete variants that omit the crucial recalibration step. Reintroducing this step tightens the evidence lower bound (ELBO) and enables sustained improvement. Across diverse model families (Qwen3 and OLMO3) and reasoning tasks, TEMPO improves OLMO3-7B on AIME 2024 from 33.0% to 51.1% and Qwen3-14B from 42.3% to 65.8%, while maintaining high diversity.
title TEMPO: Scaling Test-time Training for Large Reasoning Models
topic Machine Learning
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.19295