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Main Authors: Chang, I-Chia, Huang, Xinyan, Lin, Tzu-Yuan, Teng, Sangli, Li, Wenjing, Ghaffari, Maani, Yi, Jingang, Gu, Yan
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
Subjects:
Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.20990
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author Chang, I-Chia
Huang, Xinyan
Lin, Tzu-Yuan
Teng, Sangli
Li, Wenjing
Ghaffari, Maani
Yi, Jingang
Gu, Yan
author_facet Chang, I-Chia
Huang, Xinyan
Lin, Tzu-Yuan
Teng, Sangli
Li, Wenjing
Ghaffari, Maani
Yi, Jingang
Gu, Yan
contents Legged robots have demonstrated remarkable agility on rigid, stationary ground, but their locomotion reliability remains limited in non-inertial environments, where the supporting ground moves, tilts, or accelerates. Such conditions arise in ground transportation, maritime platforms, and aerospace settings, and they introduce persistent time-varying disturbances that break the stationary-ground assumptions underlying conventional legged locomotion. This survey reviews the state of the art in modeling, state estimation, and control for legged robots in non-inertial environments. We summarize representative application domains and motion characteristics, analyze the root causes of locomotion performance degradation, and review existing methods together with their key assumptions and limitations. We further identify open problems in robot-environment coupling, observability, robustness, and experimental validation, and discuss future directions in autonomy, system-level design, bio-inspired strategies, safety, and testing. The survey aims to clarify the technical foundations of this emerging area and support the development of reliable legged robots for real-world dynamic environments.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_20990
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle A Survey of Legged Robotics in Non-Inertial Environments: Past, Present, and Future
Chang, I-Chia
Huang, Xinyan
Lin, Tzu-Yuan
Teng, Sangli
Li, Wenjing
Ghaffari, Maani
Yi, Jingang
Gu, Yan
Robotics
Systems and Control
Legged robots have demonstrated remarkable agility on rigid, stationary ground, but their locomotion reliability remains limited in non-inertial environments, where the supporting ground moves, tilts, or accelerates. Such conditions arise in ground transportation, maritime platforms, and aerospace settings, and they introduce persistent time-varying disturbances that break the stationary-ground assumptions underlying conventional legged locomotion. This survey reviews the state of the art in modeling, state estimation, and control for legged robots in non-inertial environments. We summarize representative application domains and motion characteristics, analyze the root causes of locomotion performance degradation, and review existing methods together with their key assumptions and limitations. We further identify open problems in robot-environment coupling, observability, robustness, and experimental validation, and discuss future directions in autonomy, system-level design, bio-inspired strategies, safety, and testing. The survey aims to clarify the technical foundations of this emerging area and support the development of reliable legged robots for real-world dynamic environments.
title A Survey of Legged Robotics in Non-Inertial Environments: Past, Present, and Future
topic Robotics
Systems and Control
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.20990