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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
| Published: |
2026
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.21625 |
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| _version_ | 1866913170909560832 |
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| author | Beall, F. Rimal, A. Seidel, O. Mei, Y. McDonald, A. D. Parmaksiz, I. Chirayath, V. A. Asaadi, J. Braga, D. Battat, J. B. R. |
| author_facet | Beall, F. Rimal, A. Seidel, O. Mei, Y. McDonald, A. D. Parmaksiz, I. Chirayath, V. A. Asaadi, J. Braga, D. Battat, J. B. R. |
| contents | Cryogenic applications in high-energy physics (HEP) demand reliable, low-power CMOS electronics capable of operating at liquid nitrogen temperatures (77 K). The open-source SkyWater 130 nm (SKY130) CMOS process has previously been shown to operate at temperatures as low as 4 K making it a promising candidate for HEP applications. In this work, we characterize and model SKY130 low-threshold voltage transistors at 77 K, which is a temperature commonly used in modeling applications for liquid argon detectors. DC characteristic measurements were performed at both room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature. We created a cryogenic modeling approach to produce a SPICE-compatible, isothermal BSIM4-based model for select transistor sizes at 77 K. The resulting model agrees with data at 77 K with an average error on the order of 20% (relative RMS) and shows no dependence on drain voltage. Due to the open-source nature of SKY130, we have made our models publicly available on Github. We hope this work will continue the trend for democratizing circuit design at cryogenic temperatures in high-energy physics by enabling open access to accurate CMOS device models at 77 K. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_21625 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | DC Cryogenic Modeling of Open-Source SkyWater 130 nm MOSFETs at 77 K Using BSIM4 Beall, F. Rimal, A. Seidel, O. Mei, Y. McDonald, A. D. Parmaksiz, I. Chirayath, V. A. Asaadi, J. Braga, D. Battat, J. B. R. Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics High Energy Physics - Experiment Cryogenic applications in high-energy physics (HEP) demand reliable, low-power CMOS electronics capable of operating at liquid nitrogen temperatures (77 K). The open-source SkyWater 130 nm (SKY130) CMOS process has previously been shown to operate at temperatures as low as 4 K making it a promising candidate for HEP applications. In this work, we characterize and model SKY130 low-threshold voltage transistors at 77 K, which is a temperature commonly used in modeling applications for liquid argon detectors. DC characteristic measurements were performed at both room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature. We created a cryogenic modeling approach to produce a SPICE-compatible, isothermal BSIM4-based model for select transistor sizes at 77 K. The resulting model agrees with data at 77 K with an average error on the order of 20% (relative RMS) and shows no dependence on drain voltage. Due to the open-source nature of SKY130, we have made our models publicly available on Github. We hope this work will continue the trend for democratizing circuit design at cryogenic temperatures in high-energy physics by enabling open access to accurate CMOS device models at 77 K. |
| title | DC Cryogenic Modeling of Open-Source SkyWater 130 nm MOSFETs at 77 K Using BSIM4 |
| topic | Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics High Energy Physics - Experiment |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.21625 |