Local growth laws determine global shape of molluscan shells
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arXiv
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866911619741646848 |
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| author | Liu, Huan Bhattacharya, Kaushik |
| author_facet | Liu, Huan Bhattacharya, Kaushik |
| contents | Molluscan shells come in various shapes and sizes. Despite this diversity, each species produces a shell with a characteristic shape that is independent of environmental conditions. We seek to understand this robust complexity. We are guided by two principles in the spirit of D'Arcy Thompson. First, the growth is governed by the repeated and continuous application of a fixed growth law, even as the shell evolves in overall shape, without any complex biological machinery to monitor and control the growth. Second, the growth law depends solely on local geometry at the shell's growing edge. The first principle naturally leads to the mathematical statement that the shape of the shell is generated by the action of a Lie group on a protoconch. The second naturally leads to a particular representation of the Lie group. We use this representation to show that the shapes of nearly all known molluscan shells can be described by essentially three parameters: a scalar (scaling), a vector (orientation), and a curve (edge of the protoconch). We relate these parameters to the phylogenetic tree. In addition to the morphogenetic insight, our results potentially point to a new approach to engineering complex structures. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_21988 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Local growth laws determine global shape of molluscan shells Liu, Huan Bhattacharya, Kaushik Quantitative Methods Analysis of PDEs Group Theory Populations and Evolution Molluscan shells come in various shapes and sizes. Despite this diversity, each species produces a shell with a characteristic shape that is independent of environmental conditions. We seek to understand this robust complexity. We are guided by two principles in the spirit of D'Arcy Thompson. First, the growth is governed by the repeated and continuous application of a fixed growth law, even as the shell evolves in overall shape, without any complex biological machinery to monitor and control the growth. Second, the growth law depends solely on local geometry at the shell's growing edge. The first principle naturally leads to the mathematical statement that the shape of the shell is generated by the action of a Lie group on a protoconch. The second naturally leads to a particular representation of the Lie group. We use this representation to show that the shapes of nearly all known molluscan shells can be described by essentially three parameters: a scalar (scaling), a vector (orientation), and a curve (edge of the protoconch). We relate these parameters to the phylogenetic tree. In addition to the morphogenetic insight, our results potentially point to a new approach to engineering complex structures. |
| title | Local growth laws determine global shape of molluscan shells |
| topic | Quantitative Methods Analysis of PDEs Group Theory Populations and Evolution |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.21988 |