OptProver: Bridging Olympiad and Optimization through Continual Training in Formal Theorem Proving

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Main Authors: Li, Chenyi, Nie, Yanchen, Ming, Zhenyu, Zhang, Gong, Yuan, Kun, Wen, Zaiwen
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Li, Chenyi
Nie, Yanchen
Ming, Zhenyu
Zhang, Gong
Yuan, Kun
Wen, Zaiwen
author_facet Li, Chenyi
Nie, Yanchen
Ming, Zhenyu
Zhang, Gong
Yuan, Kun
Wen, Zaiwen
contents Recent advances in formal theorem proving have focused on Olympiad-level mathematics, leaving undergraduate domains largely unexplored. Optimization, fundamental to machine learning, operations research, and scientific computing, remains underserved by existing provers. Its reliance on domain-specific formalisms (convexity, optimality conditions, and algorithmic analysis) creates significant distribution shift, making naive domain transfer ineffective. We present OptProver, a trained model that achieves robust transfer from Olympiad to undergraduate optimization. Starting from a strong Olympiad-level prover, our pipeline mitigates distribution shift through two key innovations. First, we employ large-scale optimization-focused data curation via expert iteration. Second, we introduce a specialized preference learning objective that integrates perplexity-weighted optimization with a mechanism to penalize valid but non-progressing proof steps. This not only addresses distribution shifts but also guides the search toward efficient trajectories. To enable rigorous evaluation, we construct a novel benchmark in Lean 4 focused on optimization. On this benchmark, OptProver achieves state-of-the-art Pass@1 and Pass@32 among comparably sized models while maintaining competitive performance on general theorem-proving tasks, demonstrating effective domain transfer without catastrophic forgetting.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_23712
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle OptProver: Bridging Olympiad and Optimization through Continual Training in Formal Theorem Proving
Li, Chenyi
Nie, Yanchen
Ming, Zhenyu
Zhang, Gong
Yuan, Kun
Wen, Zaiwen
Machine Learning
Artificial Intelligence
Recent advances in formal theorem proving have focused on Olympiad-level mathematics, leaving undergraduate domains largely unexplored. Optimization, fundamental to machine learning, operations research, and scientific computing, remains underserved by existing provers. Its reliance on domain-specific formalisms (convexity, optimality conditions, and algorithmic analysis) creates significant distribution shift, making naive domain transfer ineffective. We present OptProver, a trained model that achieves robust transfer from Olympiad to undergraduate optimization. Starting from a strong Olympiad-level prover, our pipeline mitigates distribution shift through two key innovations. First, we employ large-scale optimization-focused data curation via expert iteration. Second, we introduce a specialized preference learning objective that integrates perplexity-weighted optimization with a mechanism to penalize valid but non-progressing proof steps. This not only addresses distribution shifts but also guides the search toward efficient trajectories. To enable rigorous evaluation, we construct a novel benchmark in Lean 4 focused on optimization. On this benchmark, OptProver achieves state-of-the-art Pass@1 and Pass@32 among comparably sized models while maintaining competitive performance on general theorem-proving tasks, demonstrating effective domain transfer without catastrophic forgetting.
title OptProver: Bridging Olympiad and Optimization through Continual Training in Formal Theorem Proving
topic Machine Learning
Artificial Intelligence
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.23712