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Main Authors: Zaborniak, Tristan, Mulligan, Vikram Khipple
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
Subjects:
Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.23819
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author Zaborniak, Tristan
Mulligan, Vikram Khipple
author_facet Zaborniak, Tristan
Mulligan, Vikram Khipple
contents The challenge of programming classical computers to play traditional, competitive games against human players has helped to advance classical hardware and software. Quantum computers have the potential to play games in a unique way: programmed only with the rules of a game, they should be able to implicitly represent all future paths of a game leading to wins, losses, or draws, and sample from this path set to identify moves that maximize the likelihood of a win. This permits skilled play without hard-coded or machine-learned strategy. As a proof of principle, we present early results obtained after programming the D-Wave quantum annealer with the rules of tic-tac-toe, enabling it to play against a human opponent. We anticipate that, as it has for classical computers, game-playing will serve as an important real-world benchmark for quantum computers.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_23819
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Playing Dice with the Universe: Programming Quantum Computers to Play Traditional Games
Zaborniak, Tristan
Mulligan, Vikram Khipple
Emerging Technologies
Quantum Physics
The challenge of programming classical computers to play traditional, competitive games against human players has helped to advance classical hardware and software. Quantum computers have the potential to play games in a unique way: programmed only with the rules of a game, they should be able to implicitly represent all future paths of a game leading to wins, losses, or draws, and sample from this path set to identify moves that maximize the likelihood of a win. This permits skilled play without hard-coded or machine-learned strategy. As a proof of principle, we present early results obtained after programming the D-Wave quantum annealer with the rules of tic-tac-toe, enabling it to play against a human opponent. We anticipate that, as it has for classical computers, game-playing will serve as an important real-world benchmark for quantum computers.
title Playing Dice with the Universe: Programming Quantum Computers to Play Traditional Games
topic Emerging Technologies
Quantum Physics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.23819