Two-Layer Microwave Linear Analog Computer (MiLAC)-aided Multi-user MISO Networks
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| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866908995317399552 |
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| author | Zhou, Xiaohua Fang, Tianyu Mao, Yijie Clerckx, Bruno |
| author_facet | Zhou, Xiaohua Fang, Tianyu Mao, Yijie Clerckx, Bruno |
| contents | Microwave linear analog computer (MiLAC)-aided transmit beamforming, which processes transmitted symbols entirely in the analog domain, has recently emerged as a promising alternative to fully digital or hybrid beamforming architectures for single-user multi-antenna systems. However, recent studies have shown that deploying a single lossless and reciprocal MiLAC at the transmitter cannot achieve the same capacity as fully digital beamforming in multi-user scenarios. To address this limitation, we propose a novel two-layer MiLAC-aided beamforming architecture at the transmitter for a downlink multi-user multiple-input single-output (MISO) network. Leveraging microwave network theory, we first prove that lossless and reciprocal two-layer MiLAC-aided beamforming can achieve the same performance as digital beamforming, and we derive a closed-form mapping from digital beamforming to two-layer MiLAC analog beamforming. Furthermore, we formulate a sum-rate maximization problem and develop an efficient optimization framework to jointly optimize the power allocation and the scattering matrices for the proposed two-layer MiLAC architecture. Numerical results validate our theoretical findings and demonstrate that two-layer MiLAC achieves the same sum-rate performance as fully digital beamforming. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_24303 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Two-Layer Microwave Linear Analog Computer (MiLAC)-aided Multi-user MISO Networks Zhou, Xiaohua Fang, Tianyu Mao, Yijie Clerckx, Bruno Signal Processing Microwave linear analog computer (MiLAC)-aided transmit beamforming, which processes transmitted symbols entirely in the analog domain, has recently emerged as a promising alternative to fully digital or hybrid beamforming architectures for single-user multi-antenna systems. However, recent studies have shown that deploying a single lossless and reciprocal MiLAC at the transmitter cannot achieve the same capacity as fully digital beamforming in multi-user scenarios. To address this limitation, we propose a novel two-layer MiLAC-aided beamforming architecture at the transmitter for a downlink multi-user multiple-input single-output (MISO) network. Leveraging microwave network theory, we first prove that lossless and reciprocal two-layer MiLAC-aided beamforming can achieve the same performance as digital beamforming, and we derive a closed-form mapping from digital beamforming to two-layer MiLAC analog beamforming. Furthermore, we formulate a sum-rate maximization problem and develop an efficient optimization framework to jointly optimize the power allocation and the scattering matrices for the proposed two-layer MiLAC architecture. Numerical results validate our theoretical findings and demonstrate that two-layer MiLAC achieves the same sum-rate performance as fully digital beamforming. |
| title | Two-Layer Microwave Linear Analog Computer (MiLAC)-aided Multi-user MISO Networks |
| topic | Signal Processing |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.24303 |