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Main Authors: Dwivedi, Rajdeep, Jothiwashran, C. A., Gangopadhyay, Sugata, Poonia, Vishvendra Singh
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.25503
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author Dwivedi, Rajdeep
Jothiwashran, C. A.
Gangopadhyay, Sugata
Poonia, Vishvendra Singh
author_facet Dwivedi, Rajdeep
Jothiwashran, C. A.
Gangopadhyay, Sugata
Poonia, Vishvendra Singh
contents Bent Boolean functions extremal objects that maximally resist affine approximation are notoriously hard to construct for large numbers of variables. We propose a hybrid quantum-classical genetic algorithm (GA) that uses a quantum circuit to evaluate the Gowers $U_2$ norm as the evolutionary fitness function. Our central contribution is a complexity-theoretic separation: the quantum evaluation circuit requires only $3n$ qubits and $\bigO(n^2)$ two-qubit gates per function query, whereas the classical computation of the exact Gowers $U_2$ norm demands $\bigO(2^{2n})$ arithmetic operations an exponential overhead that renders it infeasible for $n \gtrsim 25$. We validate the framework on $n=6$ and $n=8$ variable systems. For $n=8$, our classical GA run extended to 1000 generations achieves best fitness $\Utwof = 0.250000$ \emph{exactly} the theoretical bent threshold $2^{-n/4}$ with average fitness $0.257267$, confirming that the Gowers $U_2$ norm is a superior fitness criterion over Walsh-Hadamard spectral flatness. Quantum-assisted evaluation faithfully reproduces the classical trajectory up to finite-sampling noise, and our complexity analysis demonstrates that for $n > 25$ the quantum evaluator provides a decisive computational advantage on fault-tolerant hardware.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_25503
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Quantum-Accelerated Gowers $U_2$ Norm for Bent Boolean Functions
Dwivedi, Rajdeep
Jothiwashran, C. A.
Gangopadhyay, Sugata
Poonia, Vishvendra Singh
Quantum Physics
Bent Boolean functions extremal objects that maximally resist affine approximation are notoriously hard to construct for large numbers of variables. We propose a hybrid quantum-classical genetic algorithm (GA) that uses a quantum circuit to evaluate the Gowers $U_2$ norm as the evolutionary fitness function. Our central contribution is a complexity-theoretic separation: the quantum evaluation circuit requires only $3n$ qubits and $\bigO(n^2)$ two-qubit gates per function query, whereas the classical computation of the exact Gowers $U_2$ norm demands $\bigO(2^{2n})$ arithmetic operations an exponential overhead that renders it infeasible for $n \gtrsim 25$. We validate the framework on $n=6$ and $n=8$ variable systems. For $n=8$, our classical GA run extended to 1000 generations achieves best fitness $\Utwof = 0.250000$ \emph{exactly} the theoretical bent threshold $2^{-n/4}$ with average fitness $0.257267$, confirming that the Gowers $U_2$ norm is a superior fitness criterion over Walsh-Hadamard spectral flatness. Quantum-assisted evaluation faithfully reproduces the classical trajectory up to finite-sampling noise, and our complexity analysis demonstrates that for $n > 25$ the quantum evaluator provides a decisive computational advantage on fault-tolerant hardware.
title Quantum-Accelerated Gowers $U_2$ Norm for Bent Boolean Functions
topic Quantum Physics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.25503