Subword enumeration up to stack-sorting equivalence
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arXiv
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| author | Campbell, John M. Rampersad, Narad |
| author_facet | Campbell, John M. Rampersad, Narad |
| contents | Defant and Kravitz introduced generalizations of West's stack-sorting map $s$ from permutations to finite words. This raises questions as to how such generalizations could be applied in the field of combinatorics on words. The Defant-Kravitz generalizations of $s$ depend on how repeated occurrences of the same character within a word may be repositioned, according to their $\textsf{tortoise}$ and $\textsf{hare}$ operations. As demonstrated in this paper, these operations provide a natural way of extending abelian complexity functions for infinite sequences, in a way that gives light to structural properties associated with infinite words. We apply these new ideas to two famous infinite words: the paperfolding word and the Thue-Morse word. In the case of the Thue-Morse word, we discover an interesting connection to the previous work of several authors, such as de Luca and Varricchio, on the ``special'' factors of the Thue-Morse word. This may be seen as providing a basis for a new and interdisciplinary area linking the combinatorics about the stack-sorting of permutations with the field of combinatorics on words. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_25811 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Subword enumeration up to stack-sorting equivalence Campbell, John M. Rampersad, Narad Combinatorics Formal Languages and Automata Theory 68R15 Defant and Kravitz introduced generalizations of West's stack-sorting map $s$ from permutations to finite words. This raises questions as to how such generalizations could be applied in the field of combinatorics on words. The Defant-Kravitz generalizations of $s$ depend on how repeated occurrences of the same character within a word may be repositioned, according to their $\textsf{tortoise}$ and $\textsf{hare}$ operations. As demonstrated in this paper, these operations provide a natural way of extending abelian complexity functions for infinite sequences, in a way that gives light to structural properties associated with infinite words. We apply these new ideas to two famous infinite words: the paperfolding word and the Thue-Morse word. In the case of the Thue-Morse word, we discover an interesting connection to the previous work of several authors, such as de Luca and Varricchio, on the ``special'' factors of the Thue-Morse word. This may be seen as providing a basis for a new and interdisciplinary area linking the combinatorics about the stack-sorting of permutations with the field of combinatorics on words. |
| title | Subword enumeration up to stack-sorting equivalence |
| topic | Combinatorics Formal Languages and Automata Theory 68R15 |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.25811 |