JOYS+ analyses of OCN$^-$, N$_2$O, NO, and complex cyanides in ices -- Thermal processing results in modest enhancement of OCN$^-$ ice
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2026
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| author | Nazari, P. Brunken, N. Chen, Y. Slavicinska, K. van Dishoeck, E. F. Rocha, W. R. M. Boogert, A. C. A. Navarro, M. G. Gouellec, V. J. M. Le Francis, L. Tychoniec, Ł. Garatti, A. Caratti o Gieser, C. Greene, T. P. Kavanagh, P. J. |
| author_facet | Nazari, P. Brunken, N. Chen, Y. Slavicinska, K. van Dishoeck, E. F. Rocha, W. R. M. Boogert, A. C. A. Navarro, M. G. Gouellec, V. J. M. Le Francis, L. Tychoniec, Ł. Garatti, A. Caratti o Gieser, C. Greene, T. P. Kavanagh, P. J. |
| contents | Nitrogen-bearing molecules are more difficult to observe than oxygen-bearing ones, mainly due to the lower abundance of nitrogen in the interstellar medium. Therefore, the formation pathways of many of these species is still under debate. Studies prior to the launch of the JWST did not have the sensitivity to observe ices toward the youngest and most deeply embedded Class 0 objects. Here we will focus on OCN$^-$, CH$_3$CN, C$_2$H$_5$CN, NO, and N$_2$O in ices to better understand their formation. We use the data from the JOYS+ program to study 8 Class 0 and 11 Class I objects with JWST. We firmly detect OCN$^-$ in ices for all these objects, tentatively detect CH$_3$CN, C$_2$H$_5$CN, and N$_2$O toward three sources, and find upper limits on the NO abundance in ices. The OCN$^-$/CO$_2$ ratios are found to be larger by a factor of ~2-3 for the objects that have a visible CO$_2$ double peak (a sign of ice thermal processing) pointing to the moderate effect of temperature on OCN$^-$ production. Relation of H$_2$O, CO$_2$, and OCN$^-$ with $A_{\rm V}$ indicates that OCN$^-$ may tentatively form at a later stage than H$_2$O and CO$_2$. We find that the ratios of CH$_3$CN, C$_2$H$_5$CN, and N$_2$O with respect to OCN$^-$ are relatively constant within one order of magnitude across our objects, likely suggesting that they have similar ice environments. The upper limit abundances of NO are ~1 order of magnitude lower than what was previously predicted in ices of a mature protoplanetary disk. This indicates that the detected gas-phase NO in that disk may be a product of another molecule (e.g. N$_2$O) in the ices. We conclude that OCN$^-$ can get enhanced at higher temperatures by only a factor of ~2-3 and thus OCN$^-$ detection alone does not imply ice heating. Large-sample studies of OCN$^-$ toward pre-stellar cores will be useful to further confirm the formation timeline of this molecule. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2604_25915 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | JOYS+ analyses of OCN$^-$, N$_2$O, NO, and complex cyanides in ices -- Thermal processing results in modest enhancement of OCN$^-$ ice Nazari, P. Brunken, N. Chen, Y. Slavicinska, K. van Dishoeck, E. F. Rocha, W. R. M. Boogert, A. C. A. Navarro, M. G. Gouellec, V. J. M. Le Francis, L. Tychoniec, Ł. Garatti, A. Caratti o Gieser, C. Greene, T. P. Kavanagh, P. J. Astrophysics of Galaxies Nitrogen-bearing molecules are more difficult to observe than oxygen-bearing ones, mainly due to the lower abundance of nitrogen in the interstellar medium. Therefore, the formation pathways of many of these species is still under debate. Studies prior to the launch of the JWST did not have the sensitivity to observe ices toward the youngest and most deeply embedded Class 0 objects. Here we will focus on OCN$^-$, CH$_3$CN, C$_2$H$_5$CN, NO, and N$_2$O in ices to better understand their formation. We use the data from the JOYS+ program to study 8 Class 0 and 11 Class I objects with JWST. We firmly detect OCN$^-$ in ices for all these objects, tentatively detect CH$_3$CN, C$_2$H$_5$CN, and N$_2$O toward three sources, and find upper limits on the NO abundance in ices. The OCN$^-$/CO$_2$ ratios are found to be larger by a factor of ~2-3 for the objects that have a visible CO$_2$ double peak (a sign of ice thermal processing) pointing to the moderate effect of temperature on OCN$^-$ production. Relation of H$_2$O, CO$_2$, and OCN$^-$ with $A_{\rm V}$ indicates that OCN$^-$ may tentatively form at a later stage than H$_2$O and CO$_2$. We find that the ratios of CH$_3$CN, C$_2$H$_5$CN, and N$_2$O with respect to OCN$^-$ are relatively constant within one order of magnitude across our objects, likely suggesting that they have similar ice environments. The upper limit abundances of NO are ~1 order of magnitude lower than what was previously predicted in ices of a mature protoplanetary disk. This indicates that the detected gas-phase NO in that disk may be a product of another molecule (e.g. N$_2$O) in the ices. We conclude that OCN$^-$ can get enhanced at higher temperatures by only a factor of ~2-3 and thus OCN$^-$ detection alone does not imply ice heating. Large-sample studies of OCN$^-$ toward pre-stellar cores will be useful to further confirm the formation timeline of this molecule. |
| title | JOYS+ analyses of OCN$^-$, N$_2$O, NO, and complex cyanides in ices -- Thermal processing results in modest enhancement of OCN$^-$ ice |
| topic | Astrophysics of Galaxies |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.25915 |