Electrotactile Improves Thermal Referral
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arXiv
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866917452387975168 |
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| author | Li, Wen Ni, Rong Tian, Bozhi Lopes, Pedro |
| author_facet | Li, Wen Ni, Rong Tian, Bozhi Lopes, Pedro |
| contents | Thermal referral enables thermal sensations in locations lacking thermal actuators--this is achieved using vibrotactile actuators to redirect a nearby thermal sensation to where a tactile sensation is applied. However, we found that its reliance on vibration introduces critical limitations: it struggles to produce cold referral, and the inherent strong tactile "buzz" makes it unsuitable for simulating non-contact thermal events, such as the chill of an open freezer in VR (in contrast to contact-based thermal events like touching the freezer's cold handle). To improve this, we propose a shift from vibrotactile to electrotactile-based thermal referral. We evaluated in two user studies--a psychophysics experiment (N=22) and a VR deployment (N=20)--where we contrasted electrotactile with vibrotactile-based thermal referral. Our results reveal key advantages of the electrotactile based thermal referral: (1) increases the referral rate for cold sensations; (2) increases thermal perception while minimizing tactile; and (3) improves realism across a range of VR thermal scenarios, specifically distinguishing between contact-based and non-contact thermal events. Finally, we provide design guidelines for choosing tactile cues to create immersive multimodal thermal experiences in VR. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_00240 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Electrotactile Improves Thermal Referral Li, Wen Ni, Rong Tian, Bozhi Lopes, Pedro Human-Computer Interaction Thermal referral enables thermal sensations in locations lacking thermal actuators--this is achieved using vibrotactile actuators to redirect a nearby thermal sensation to where a tactile sensation is applied. However, we found that its reliance on vibration introduces critical limitations: it struggles to produce cold referral, and the inherent strong tactile "buzz" makes it unsuitable for simulating non-contact thermal events, such as the chill of an open freezer in VR (in contrast to contact-based thermal events like touching the freezer's cold handle). To improve this, we propose a shift from vibrotactile to electrotactile-based thermal referral. We evaluated in two user studies--a psychophysics experiment (N=22) and a VR deployment (N=20)--where we contrasted electrotactile with vibrotactile-based thermal referral. Our results reveal key advantages of the electrotactile based thermal referral: (1) increases the referral rate for cold sensations; (2) increases thermal perception while minimizing tactile; and (3) improves realism across a range of VR thermal scenarios, specifically distinguishing between contact-based and non-contact thermal events. Finally, we provide design guidelines for choosing tactile cues to create immersive multimodal thermal experiences in VR. |
| title | Electrotactile Improves Thermal Referral |
| topic | Human-Computer Interaction |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.00240 |