A Knowledge-Driven LLM-Based Decision-Support System for Explainable Defect Analysis and Mitigation Guidance in Laser Powder Bed Fusion
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arXiv
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| Natura: | Preprint |
| Pubblicazione: |
2026
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| author | Shahriar, Basit Mahmud Rahman, Md Habibor |
| author_facet | Shahriar, Basit Mahmud Rahman, Md Habibor |
| contents | This work presents a knowledge-driven decision-support system that integrates structured defect knowledge with LLM-based reasoning to provide explainable defect diagnosis and mitigation guidance in manufacturing, using LPBF as a representative, safety-critical case study. The proposed ontology-integrated LLM-based decision support system for LPBF defect analysis and mitigation guidance is built on a knowledge base containing 27 known LPBF defect types organized into hierarchical categories and causal relationships. The developed system supports fuzzy natural language queries for systematic knowledge retrieval, literature-supported explanation of defects, and guidance on defect causes and mitigation strategies derived from encoded process knowledge. Furthermore, a multimodal image-assessment module based on foundation models enables descriptor-guided interpretation of representative microscopic defect images through semantic alignment scoring. The proposed framework was evaluated through qualitative comparisons with general-purpose vision-language models, an ablation study, and an inter-rater reliability analysis. Evaluation on the literature-derived dataset showed that the fully integrated configuration outperformed the other three evaluated system configurations, achieving a macro-average F1 score of 0.808. Additionally, inter-rater reliability analysis using Cohen's kappa indicated substantial agreement between the model outputs and the literature-derived reference labels. These findings suggest that ontology-guided knowledge representation can improve the consistency, interpretability, and practical usefulness of LLM-assisted LPBF defect analysis. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_01100 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | A Knowledge-Driven LLM-Based Decision-Support System for Explainable Defect Analysis and Mitigation Guidance in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Shahriar, Basit Mahmud Rahman, Md Habibor Artificial Intelligence This work presents a knowledge-driven decision-support system that integrates structured defect knowledge with LLM-based reasoning to provide explainable defect diagnosis and mitigation guidance in manufacturing, using LPBF as a representative, safety-critical case study. The proposed ontology-integrated LLM-based decision support system for LPBF defect analysis and mitigation guidance is built on a knowledge base containing 27 known LPBF defect types organized into hierarchical categories and causal relationships. The developed system supports fuzzy natural language queries for systematic knowledge retrieval, literature-supported explanation of defects, and guidance on defect causes and mitigation strategies derived from encoded process knowledge. Furthermore, a multimodal image-assessment module based on foundation models enables descriptor-guided interpretation of representative microscopic defect images through semantic alignment scoring. The proposed framework was evaluated through qualitative comparisons with general-purpose vision-language models, an ablation study, and an inter-rater reliability analysis. Evaluation on the literature-derived dataset showed that the fully integrated configuration outperformed the other three evaluated system configurations, achieving a macro-average F1 score of 0.808. Additionally, inter-rater reliability analysis using Cohen's kappa indicated substantial agreement between the model outputs and the literature-derived reference labels. These findings suggest that ontology-guided knowledge representation can improve the consistency, interpretability, and practical usefulness of LLM-assisted LPBF defect analysis. |
| title | A Knowledge-Driven LLM-Based Decision-Support System for Explainable Defect Analysis and Mitigation Guidance in Laser Powder Bed Fusion |
| topic | Artificial Intelligence |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.01100 |