Unraveling and controlling the self-assembly pathways of cubic colloids

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Main Authors: Mohapatra, Dillip Kumar, Verouden, Teun W. J., Meijer, Janne-Mieke
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Mohapatra, Dillip Kumar
Verouden, Teun W. J.
Meijer, Janne-Mieke
author_facet Mohapatra, Dillip Kumar
Verouden, Teun W. J.
Meijer, Janne-Mieke
contents The self-assembly of anisotropic building blocks into complex spatial architectures is an important design strategy in material science but the mechanisms by which the anisotropic interactions influence the early-stage growth and formation of disordered (non-)equilibrium structures remain poorly understood. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that tuning the strength of shape-induced directional bonds changes the self-assembly pathways of cubic colloids. By tracking the growth kinetics and internal reorganizations of small clusters at increasing attraction strength, we identify three self-assembly regimes: (i) nucleation and growth regime: slow reorganization-dominated growth of crystalline clusters, (ii) dynamic regime: diffusion-limited growth with dynamic cube reorganizations leading to disordered crystalline clusters and (iii) static regime: diffusion-limited growth of kinetically arrested clusters unable to reorganize due to directional bonding constraints. We further show that transitions between these regimes are reversible and allow pathway engineering to control the structure and disorder. Our results reveal how directional bonding governs pathway selection, providing important insights for the rational design of reconfigurable colloidal, nano-, and biomaterials.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_01859
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Unraveling and controlling the self-assembly pathways of cubic colloids
Mohapatra, Dillip Kumar
Verouden, Teun W. J.
Meijer, Janne-Mieke
Soft Condensed Matter
The self-assembly of anisotropic building blocks into complex spatial architectures is an important design strategy in material science but the mechanisms by which the anisotropic interactions influence the early-stage growth and formation of disordered (non-)equilibrium structures remain poorly understood. Here, we experimentally demonstrate that tuning the strength of shape-induced directional bonds changes the self-assembly pathways of cubic colloids. By tracking the growth kinetics and internal reorganizations of small clusters at increasing attraction strength, we identify three self-assembly regimes: (i) nucleation and growth regime: slow reorganization-dominated growth of crystalline clusters, (ii) dynamic regime: diffusion-limited growth with dynamic cube reorganizations leading to disordered crystalline clusters and (iii) static regime: diffusion-limited growth of kinetically arrested clusters unable to reorganize due to directional bonding constraints. We further show that transitions between these regimes are reversible and allow pathway engineering to control the structure and disorder. Our results reveal how directional bonding governs pathway selection, providing important insights for the rational design of reconfigurable colloidal, nano-, and biomaterials.
title Unraveling and controlling the self-assembly pathways of cubic colloids
topic Soft Condensed Matter
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.01859