Sequential vs. Simultaneous Entanglement Swapping under Optimal Link-Layer Control
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| author | Srivastava, Priyam Sabavat, Akshat R. Jain, Siddharth Scheller-Wolf, Alan Tayur, Sridhar Tipper, David Krishnamurthy, Prashant Babay, Amy Seshadreesan, Kaushik P. |
| author_facet | Srivastava, Priyam Sabavat, Akshat R. Jain, Siddharth Scheller-Wolf, Alan Tayur, Sridhar Tipper, David Krishnamurthy, Prashant Babay, Amy Seshadreesan, Kaushik P. |
| contents | Connection-less, packet-switched quantum network architectures distribute entanglement across multi-hop paths through sequential entanglement swapping, in which each node acts on purely local state information. The architectural advantages over the connection-oriented alternative -- simultaneous SWAP-ASAP -- are compelling, but sequential swapping holds partial chains in intermediate buffers between successive swaps, exposing them to memory decoherence in a way simultaneous SWAP-ASAP avoids by design. We present a proof-of-principle study at fixed chain length $n = 4$ in which each elementary link is governed by a fixed reinforcement-learning policy optimizing the secret-key rate of the six-state protocol, leaving the network-layer protocol as the sole independent variable. Sweeping the network-layer memory coherence time $T_c^{\mathrm{ext}}$ over four orders of magnitude reveals a clear regime structure governed by the dimensionless ratio $T_c^{\mathrm{ext}}/τ$, where $τ$ is the per-link entanglement heralding latency. Simultaneous SWAP-ASAP delivers a constant rate across the full sweep. Sequential swapping, by contrast, collapses to zero end-to-end deliveries below $T_c^{\mathrm{ext}}/τ= 25$, and begins recovering at $T_c^{\mathrm{ext}}/τ= 50$. It remains limited by the simultaneous rate, which it saturates only at the relaxed end of the sweep. These results suggest that the connection-less penalty is a near-term phenomenon tied to present-day memory coherence rather than a fundamental property of sequential swapping. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_04047 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Sequential vs. Simultaneous Entanglement Swapping under Optimal Link-Layer Control Srivastava, Priyam Sabavat, Akshat R. Jain, Siddharth Scheller-Wolf, Alan Tayur, Sridhar Tipper, David Krishnamurthy, Prashant Babay, Amy Seshadreesan, Kaushik P. Quantum Physics Networking and Internet Architecture Connection-less, packet-switched quantum network architectures distribute entanglement across multi-hop paths through sequential entanglement swapping, in which each node acts on purely local state information. The architectural advantages over the connection-oriented alternative -- simultaneous SWAP-ASAP -- are compelling, but sequential swapping holds partial chains in intermediate buffers between successive swaps, exposing them to memory decoherence in a way simultaneous SWAP-ASAP avoids by design. We present a proof-of-principle study at fixed chain length $n = 4$ in which each elementary link is governed by a fixed reinforcement-learning policy optimizing the secret-key rate of the six-state protocol, leaving the network-layer protocol as the sole independent variable. Sweeping the network-layer memory coherence time $T_c^{\mathrm{ext}}$ over four orders of magnitude reveals a clear regime structure governed by the dimensionless ratio $T_c^{\mathrm{ext}}/τ$, where $τ$ is the per-link entanglement heralding latency. Simultaneous SWAP-ASAP delivers a constant rate across the full sweep. Sequential swapping, by contrast, collapses to zero end-to-end deliveries below $T_c^{\mathrm{ext}}/τ= 25$, and begins recovering at $T_c^{\mathrm{ext}}/τ= 50$. It remains limited by the simultaneous rate, which it saturates only at the relaxed end of the sweep. These results suggest that the connection-less penalty is a near-term phenomenon tied to present-day memory coherence rather than a fundamental property of sequential swapping. |
| title | Sequential vs. Simultaneous Entanglement Swapping under Optimal Link-Layer Control |
| topic | Quantum Physics Networking and Internet Architecture |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.04047 |