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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Wang, Zhen, Wang, Long, Yuan, Zhen, Chang, Jiang
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
Subjects:
Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.05622
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Table of Contents:
  • The extremely metal-poor nature of the C-19 stream indicates that its progenitor was a primordial stellar system born in the very early Universe. Current observations show that it has a small metallicity dispersion (0.18 at the 95% confidence level), which is the signature of a globular cluster origin, while at the same time displaying an unusually large velocity dispersion ($\sim10$ km/s) typical of dwarf galaxies. To reconcile this conflicting observational evidence, previous simulations have focused on potential interactions with dark matter subhalos, which can efficiently make a cluster stream dynamically hot. In this work, we explore internal dynamical processes in star cluster formation, focusing on initial conditions shaped by gas expulsion and a top-heavy initial mass function. We find that the large observed velocity dispersion and broad stream morphology can be reproduced by a cluster that underwent severe gas expulsion and expansion during its birth phase, which is potentially a typical formation scenario of extremely metal-poor star clusters. A top-heavy IMF and binaries can also increase the velocity dispersion. The formation of C-19 may involve a combination of these effects.