An Additive Approximation Scheme for Generating Dyadic Codings for the Outputs of an LLM

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Hauptverfasser: Bar-Lev, Daniella, Farnoud, Farzad, Gabrys, Ryan
Format: Preprint
Veröffentlicht: 2026
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author Bar-Lev, Daniella
Farnoud, Farzad
Gabrys, Ryan
author_facet Bar-Lev, Daniella
Farnoud, Farzad
Gabrys, Ryan
contents We study the problem of approximating a discrete probability distribution, such as the next-token distribution of a large language model, by a dyadic distribution induced by a binary tree under encoding rate constraints. The objective is to partition the support of the distribution and assign dyadic probabilities to minimize total variation distance while achieving a prescribed rate. We formulate this task as a tree-based partitioning problem and develop a polynomial-time additive approximation scheme for the rate-constrained setting in the constant-rate regime. Our results provide provable guarantees for near-optimal dyadic approximations and, as an application, yield a principled framework for LLM-based steganography, where the rate maps to bits of hidden information embedded per token and the total variation bound controls statistical detectability.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_05837
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle An Additive Approximation Scheme for Generating Dyadic Codings for the Outputs of an LLM
Bar-Lev, Daniella
Farnoud, Farzad
Gabrys, Ryan
Information Theory
Data Structures and Algorithms
We study the problem of approximating a discrete probability distribution, such as the next-token distribution of a large language model, by a dyadic distribution induced by a binary tree under encoding rate constraints. The objective is to partition the support of the distribution and assign dyadic probabilities to minimize total variation distance while achieving a prescribed rate. We formulate this task as a tree-based partitioning problem and develop a polynomial-time additive approximation scheme for the rate-constrained setting in the constant-rate regime. Our results provide provable guarantees for near-optimal dyadic approximations and, as an application, yield a principled framework for LLM-based steganography, where the rate maps to bits of hidden information embedded per token and the total variation bound controls statistical detectability.
title An Additive Approximation Scheme for Generating Dyadic Codings for the Outputs of an LLM
topic Information Theory
Data Structures and Algorithms
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.05837