From Multi-Port Models to Cascade Structures: Optimization of Active Unilateral Stacked Intelligent Metasurfaces
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arXiv
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| Hauptverfasser: | , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
| Veröffentlicht: |
2026
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| _version_ | 1866909020529360896 |
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| author | Abrardo, Andrea Bartoli, Giulio Toccafondi, Alberto Di Renzo, Marco |
| author_facet | Abrardo, Andrea Bartoli, Giulio Toccafondi, Alberto Di Renzo, Marco |
| contents | This paper develops a multi-port S-parameter framework for the analysis and optimization of stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) with unilateral active interconnections. By modeling each unit cell as a non-reciprocal two-port network, the resulting SIM exhibits a feed-forward structure that enables a recursive, cascade-like representation of the end-to-end transfer function while preserving electromagnetic accuracy. Based on this model, we derive an efficient gradient-based optimization algorithm with reduced computational complexity compared to conventional reciprocal SIM architectures. Numerical results, obtained from full-wave simulations, illustrate the trade-offs among inter-layer spacing, active gain, and SIM size in terms of channel diagonalization and achievable spectral efficiency. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_05884 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | From Multi-Port Models to Cascade Structures: Optimization of Active Unilateral Stacked Intelligent Metasurfaces Abrardo, Andrea Bartoli, Giulio Toccafondi, Alberto Di Renzo, Marco Signal Processing This paper develops a multi-port S-parameter framework for the analysis and optimization of stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) with unilateral active interconnections. By modeling each unit cell as a non-reciprocal two-port network, the resulting SIM exhibits a feed-forward structure that enables a recursive, cascade-like representation of the end-to-end transfer function while preserving electromagnetic accuracy. Based on this model, we derive an efficient gradient-based optimization algorithm with reduced computational complexity compared to conventional reciprocal SIM architectures. Numerical results, obtained from full-wave simulations, illustrate the trade-offs among inter-layer spacing, active gain, and SIM size in terms of channel diagonalization and achievable spectral efficiency. |
| title | From Multi-Port Models to Cascade Structures: Optimization of Active Unilateral Stacked Intelligent Metasurfaces |
| topic | Signal Processing |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.05884 |