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Main Authors: Kaur, Satvir, Nair, Sreeraj, Mondal, Chandan, Lan, Jiangshan, Zhao, Xingbo, de Melo, J. P. B. C., Frederico, Tobias
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.07095
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author Kaur, Satvir
Nair, Sreeraj
Mondal, Chandan
Lan, Jiangshan
Zhao, Xingbo
de Melo, J. P. B. C.
Frederico, Tobias
author_facet Kaur, Satvir
Nair, Sreeraj
Mondal, Chandan
Lan, Jiangshan
Zhao, Xingbo
de Melo, J. P. B. C.
Frederico, Tobias
contents We study the three-quark ladder Bethe--Salpeter equation in Minkowski-space QCD$_2$ in the light-cone gauge. Using the quasi-potential expansion, we project the baryon equation onto the light front and show that, at leading order in the valence truncation, the resulting mass-squared eigenvalue equation is equivalent to the Bars--Durgut equation. We also derive the endpoint power-law behavior of the valence wave function in terms of the quark mass and coupling, closely paralleling the original 't Hooft analysis for mesons. The resulting three-quark equation is solved numerically for $N_c=3$, and the ground-state baryon mass is found to be in reasonable agreement with previous light-cone quantization results in QCD$_2$, suggesting that the valence sector provides the dominant contribution to the ground state. The excited-state spectrum further yields a Regge trajectory that captures the overall trend of the experimental nucleon spectrum, and we compute selected structure observables, including parton distribution functions, double distribution amplitudes, and coordinate-space densities. This framework provides a useful confining test bed for Minkowski-space bound-state methods and for future developments toward confining formulations in 3+1 dimensions beyond the valence truncation.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_07095
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Baryon Bethe-Salpeter Equation in Minkowski-Space QCD$_2$
Kaur, Satvir
Nair, Sreeraj
Mondal, Chandan
Lan, Jiangshan
Zhao, Xingbo
de Melo, J. P. B. C.
Frederico, Tobias
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
We study the three-quark ladder Bethe--Salpeter equation in Minkowski-space QCD$_2$ in the light-cone gauge. Using the quasi-potential expansion, we project the baryon equation onto the light front and show that, at leading order in the valence truncation, the resulting mass-squared eigenvalue equation is equivalent to the Bars--Durgut equation. We also derive the endpoint power-law behavior of the valence wave function in terms of the quark mass and coupling, closely paralleling the original 't Hooft analysis for mesons. The resulting three-quark equation is solved numerically for $N_c=3$, and the ground-state baryon mass is found to be in reasonable agreement with previous light-cone quantization results in QCD$_2$, suggesting that the valence sector provides the dominant contribution to the ground state. The excited-state spectrum further yields a Regge trajectory that captures the overall trend of the experimental nucleon spectrum, and we compute selected structure observables, including parton distribution functions, double distribution amplitudes, and coordinate-space densities. This framework provides a useful confining test bed for Minkowski-space bound-state methods and for future developments toward confining formulations in 3+1 dimensions beyond the valence truncation.
title Baryon Bethe-Salpeter Equation in Minkowski-Space QCD$_2$
topic High Energy Physics - Phenomenology
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.07095