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Main Authors: Hammami, Hamze, Abdulaziz, Nidhal
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
Subjects:
Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.07903
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author Hammami, Hamze
Abdulaziz, Nidhal
author_facet Hammami, Hamze
Abdulaziz, Nidhal
contents Discovering structure in biological signals without supervision is a fundamental problem in computational intelligence, yet existing bioacoustic methods assume vocal production models or predefined semantic units, leaving non-vocal species poorly served. This work introduces BeeVe, an unsupervised framework for acoustic state discovery in collective honey bee buzzing. BeeVe uses the self-supervised Patchout Spectrogram Transformer (PaSST) as a frozen feature extractor, then trains a Vector-Quantized Variational Autoencoder (VQ-VAE) without labels on those embeddings, learning a finite discrete codebook of acoustic tokens directly from unlabelled hive audio. No labels, pretext tasks, or contrastive objectives are used at any stage. Post-hoc evaluation against known queen status reveals that the learned tokens separate queenright and queenless conditions with Jensen-Shannon Divergence values between 0.609 and 0.688, and that the queenless condition further decomposes into three internally coherent sub-states stable across experiments with different codebook sizes and random seeds. Token transition analysis confirms non-random sequential structure (p << 0.001) across all experiments. Generalisation to unseen recordings preserves both token overlap (Jaccard = 0.947) and global manifold topology. These results demonstrate that unsupervised discrete codebook learning can recover repeatable acoustic structure from a non-vocal biological signal without annotation, opening a path toward non-invasive acoustic hive health monitoring.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_07903
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle BeeVe: Unsupervised Acoustic State Discovery in Honey Bee Buzzing
Hammami, Hamze
Abdulaziz, Nidhal
Sound
Artificial Intelligence
Discovering structure in biological signals without supervision is a fundamental problem in computational intelligence, yet existing bioacoustic methods assume vocal production models or predefined semantic units, leaving non-vocal species poorly served. This work introduces BeeVe, an unsupervised framework for acoustic state discovery in collective honey bee buzzing. BeeVe uses the self-supervised Patchout Spectrogram Transformer (PaSST) as a frozen feature extractor, then trains a Vector-Quantized Variational Autoencoder (VQ-VAE) without labels on those embeddings, learning a finite discrete codebook of acoustic tokens directly from unlabelled hive audio. No labels, pretext tasks, or contrastive objectives are used at any stage. Post-hoc evaluation against known queen status reveals that the learned tokens separate queenright and queenless conditions with Jensen-Shannon Divergence values between 0.609 and 0.688, and that the queenless condition further decomposes into three internally coherent sub-states stable across experiments with different codebook sizes and random seeds. Token transition analysis confirms non-random sequential structure (p << 0.001) across all experiments. Generalisation to unseen recordings preserves both token overlap (Jaccard = 0.947) and global manifold topology. These results demonstrate that unsupervised discrete codebook learning can recover repeatable acoustic structure from a non-vocal biological signal without annotation, opening a path toward non-invasive acoustic hive health monitoring.
title BeeVe: Unsupervised Acoustic State Discovery in Honey Bee Buzzing
topic Sound
Artificial Intelligence
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.07903