Information Density as a Quantitative Measure for AI-enabled Virtual Sensing: Feasibility and Limits

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Main Authors: Dutta, Hrishikesh, Minerva, Roberto, Farahbakhsh, Reza, Crespi, Noel
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Dutta, Hrishikesh
Minerva, Roberto
Farahbakhsh, Reza
Crespi, Noel
author_facet Dutta, Hrishikesh
Minerva, Roberto
Farahbakhsh, Reza
Crespi, Noel
contents Modern IoT and sensor networks generate vast amounts of data, posing significant challenges for storage, transmission, and real-time processing. Traditional approaches, such as compressive sensing and machine learning-based compression, often suffer from computational inefficiencies and irreversible data loss. This paper introduces Information Density as a quantitative metric to support sensor deployment and enable AI-driven virtual sensing. We propose a framework that leverages spatial, temporal and inter-modal correlations among sensor signals to perform sensing tasks even in the absence of physical sensors. Two complementary measures: (i) Phase in Eigen Space and (ii) Mutual Information, are developed to quantify and assess information density, enabling the selection of optimal sensor configurations across both intra-modality and cross-modality scenarios. Validated using real-world data from Madrid's smart city infrastructure, this framework demonstrates the feasibility of replacing physical sensors with virtual ones under bounded error conditions (e.g., achieving $<3.21\%$ mean error with a single sensor). The results highlight the potential for scalable and energy-efficient sensing systems in smart environments.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_08180
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Information Density as a Quantitative Measure for AI-enabled Virtual Sensing: Feasibility and Limits
Dutta, Hrishikesh
Minerva, Roberto
Farahbakhsh, Reza
Crespi, Noel
Information Theory
Artificial Intelligence
Information Retrieval
Machine Learning
Networking and Internet Architecture
Signal Processing
Modern IoT and sensor networks generate vast amounts of data, posing significant challenges for storage, transmission, and real-time processing. Traditional approaches, such as compressive sensing and machine learning-based compression, often suffer from computational inefficiencies and irreversible data loss. This paper introduces Information Density as a quantitative metric to support sensor deployment and enable AI-driven virtual sensing. We propose a framework that leverages spatial, temporal and inter-modal correlations among sensor signals to perform sensing tasks even in the absence of physical sensors. Two complementary measures: (i) Phase in Eigen Space and (ii) Mutual Information, are developed to quantify and assess information density, enabling the selection of optimal sensor configurations across both intra-modality and cross-modality scenarios. Validated using real-world data from Madrid's smart city infrastructure, this framework demonstrates the feasibility of replacing physical sensors with virtual ones under bounded error conditions (e.g., achieving $<3.21\%$ mean error with a single sensor). The results highlight the potential for scalable and energy-efficient sensing systems in smart environments.
title Information Density as a Quantitative Measure for AI-enabled Virtual Sensing: Feasibility and Limits
topic Information Theory
Artificial Intelligence
Information Retrieval
Machine Learning
Networking and Internet Architecture
Signal Processing
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.08180