Indirect Detection of Lactate Through Voltammetry Using Glassy Carbon Microelectrodes
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| Autores principales: | , , , , , , , |
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| Formato: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866917474438479872 |
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| author | Rohtagia, Amish Barts, Elisa Ravichandran, Neharika Galindoa, Sandra Lara Nimbalkara, Surabhi Mittal, Mantra Omer, Samantha Kassegnea, Sam |
| author_facet | Rohtagia, Amish Barts, Elisa Ravichandran, Neharika Galindoa, Sandra Lara Nimbalkara, Surabhi Mittal, Mantra Omer, Samantha Kassegnea, Sam |
| contents | Glassy carbon (GC) microelectrodes are increasingly being used for voltametric detection of electroactive neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin. However, non-electroactive molecules including lactate, glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) cannot be directly detected using conventional voltammetry without surface functionalization. In this study, lactate oxidase was immobilized within a chitosan matrix on lithographically patterned GC microelectrodes to enable indirect detection of lactate via enzymatic generation of hydrogen peroxide, an electroactive byproduct. The resulting hydrogen peroxide was detected using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV), enabling indirect in vitro detection of lactate at concentrations as low as 10 nM. The functionalized GC microelectrodes were integrated into a four channel array on a 1.6 cm flexible neural probe with potential for in vivo applications. Surface morphology and bonding interactions were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. FTIR analysis confirmed successful chitosan deposition through characteristic O-H, N-H, amide, and C-O stretching bands. Hydrogen peroxide detection was concentration-dependent, while lactate detection exhibited early saturation consistent with enzyme-limited kinetics. These results demonstrate a mechanically robust GC microelectrode platform for nanomolar-level indirect lactate sensing and provide insight into the reaction-diffusion coupling governing enzyme-based electrochemical detection. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_08264 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Indirect Detection of Lactate Through Voltammetry Using Glassy Carbon Microelectrodes Rohtagia, Amish Barts, Elisa Ravichandran, Neharika Galindoa, Sandra Lara Nimbalkara, Surabhi Mittal, Mantra Omer, Samantha Kassegnea, Sam Biological Physics Materials Science Medical Physics Glassy carbon (GC) microelectrodes are increasingly being used for voltametric detection of electroactive neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin. However, non-electroactive molecules including lactate, glutamate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) cannot be directly detected using conventional voltammetry without surface functionalization. In this study, lactate oxidase was immobilized within a chitosan matrix on lithographically patterned GC microelectrodes to enable indirect detection of lactate via enzymatic generation of hydrogen peroxide, an electroactive byproduct. The resulting hydrogen peroxide was detected using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV), enabling indirect in vitro detection of lactate at concentrations as low as 10 nM. The functionalized GC microelectrodes were integrated into a four channel array on a 1.6 cm flexible neural probe with potential for in vivo applications. Surface morphology and bonding interactions were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. FTIR analysis confirmed successful chitosan deposition through characteristic O-H, N-H, amide, and C-O stretching bands. Hydrogen peroxide detection was concentration-dependent, while lactate detection exhibited early saturation consistent with enzyme-limited kinetics. These results demonstrate a mechanically robust GC microelectrode platform for nanomolar-level indirect lactate sensing and provide insight into the reaction-diffusion coupling governing enzyme-based electrochemical detection. |
| title | Indirect Detection of Lactate Through Voltammetry Using Glassy Carbon Microelectrodes |
| topic | Biological Physics Materials Science Medical Physics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.08264 |