Token Economics for LLM Agents: A Dual-View Study from Computing and Economics
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arXiv
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| Auteurs principaux: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
| Publié: |
2026
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| _version_ | 1866914548277051392 |
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| author | Chen, Yuxi Chen, Junming He, Chenyu Li, Yiwei Ji, Yicheng Wu, Yifan Yang, Dingyu Diao, Lansong Shou, Lidan Zhang, Hongliang Li, Huan Chen, Gang |
| author_facet | Chen, Yuxi Chen, Junming He, Chenyu Li, Yiwei Ji, Yicheng Wu, Yifan Yang, Dingyu Diao, Lansong Shou, Lidan Zhang, Hongliang Li, Huan Chen, Gang |
| contents | As LLM agents evolve, tokens have emerged as the core economic primitives of Agentic AI. However, their exponential consumption introduces severe computational, collaborative, and security bottlenecks. Current surveys remain fragmented across system optimization, architecture design, and trust, lacking a unified framework to evaluate the fundamental trade-off between output quality and economic cost. To bridge this gap, this survey presents the first comprehensive survey of Token Economics. By unifying computer science and economics, we conceptualize tokens as production factors, exchange mediums, and units of account. We synthesize existing literature across a four-dimensional taxonomy: (1) Micro-level (Single Agent): Optimizing budget-constrained factor substitution via neoclassical firm theory. (2) Meso-level (Multi-Agent Systems): Minimizing collaboration friction using transaction cost and principal-agent theories. (3) Macro-level (Agent Ecosystems): Addressing congestion externalities and pricing via mechanism design. (4) Security: Internalizing adversarial threats as endogenous economic constraints. Finally, we outline frontier directions, including differentiable token budgets and dynamic markets, to lay the theoretical foundation for scalable next-generation agent systems. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_09104 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Token Economics for LLM Agents: A Dual-View Study from Computing and Economics Chen, Yuxi Chen, Junming He, Chenyu Li, Yiwei Ji, Yicheng Wu, Yifan Yang, Dingyu Diao, Lansong Shou, Lidan Zhang, Hongliang Li, Huan Chen, Gang Artificial Intelligence As LLM agents evolve, tokens have emerged as the core economic primitives of Agentic AI. However, their exponential consumption introduces severe computational, collaborative, and security bottlenecks. Current surveys remain fragmented across system optimization, architecture design, and trust, lacking a unified framework to evaluate the fundamental trade-off between output quality and economic cost. To bridge this gap, this survey presents the first comprehensive survey of Token Economics. By unifying computer science and economics, we conceptualize tokens as production factors, exchange mediums, and units of account. We synthesize existing literature across a four-dimensional taxonomy: (1) Micro-level (Single Agent): Optimizing budget-constrained factor substitution via neoclassical firm theory. (2) Meso-level (Multi-Agent Systems): Minimizing collaboration friction using transaction cost and principal-agent theories. (3) Macro-level (Agent Ecosystems): Addressing congestion externalities and pricing via mechanism design. (4) Security: Internalizing adversarial threats as endogenous economic constraints. Finally, we outline frontier directions, including differentiable token budgets and dynamic markets, to lay the theoretical foundation for scalable next-generation agent systems. |
| title | Token Economics for LLM Agents: A Dual-View Study from Computing and Economics |
| topic | Artificial Intelligence |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.09104 |