Towards Effective Theory of LLMs: A Representation Learning Approach

Fuente: arXiv
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Autori principali: Ustaomeroglu, Muhammed, Qu, Guannan
Natura: Preprint
Pubblicazione: 2026
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author Ustaomeroglu, Muhammed
Qu, Guannan
author_facet Ustaomeroglu, Muhammed
Qu, Guannan
contents We propose Representational Effective Theory (RET), a framework for describing large language model computation in terms of learned macrostates rather than microscopic details. RET learns these macrostates from hidden-state trajectories using a BYOL/JEPA-style self-supervised objective, coarse-graining activations into macrovariables that preserve higher-level structure relevant for prediction and interpretation. We evaluate whether these macrovariables are practically relevant for interpretability: RET yields temporally consistent states that reveal "mental-state" trajectories of reasoning, capture high-level semantic structure, support early prediction of behavioral outcomes such as sycophancy, and provide causal handles for steering generations toward interpretable computational phases. Together, these results suggest that LLM computation admits useful effective descriptions via RET: high-level, dynamically meaningful variables that support interpretation, prediction, and intervention.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_09294
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Towards Effective Theory of LLMs: A Representation Learning Approach
Ustaomeroglu, Muhammed
Qu, Guannan
Machine Learning
Artificial Intelligence
We propose Representational Effective Theory (RET), a framework for describing large language model computation in terms of learned macrostates rather than microscopic details. RET learns these macrostates from hidden-state trajectories using a BYOL/JEPA-style self-supervised objective, coarse-graining activations into macrovariables that preserve higher-level structure relevant for prediction and interpretation. We evaluate whether these macrovariables are practically relevant for interpretability: RET yields temporally consistent states that reveal "mental-state" trajectories of reasoning, capture high-level semantic structure, support early prediction of behavioral outcomes such as sycophancy, and provide causal handles for steering generations toward interpretable computational phases. Together, these results suggest that LLM computation admits useful effective descriptions via RET: high-level, dynamically meaningful variables that support interpretation, prediction, and intervention.
title Towards Effective Theory of LLMs: A Representation Learning Approach
topic Machine Learning
Artificial Intelligence
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.09294