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Main Authors: Niu, Siyuan, Wu, Di, Kilic, Ozgur Ozan, Yu, Kwangmin
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
Subjects:
Online Access:https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.09580
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author Niu, Siyuan
Wu, Di
Kilic, Ozgur Ozan
Yu, Kwangmin
author_facet Niu, Siyuan
Wu, Di
Kilic, Ozgur Ozan
Yu, Kwangmin
contents Quantum computing promises disruptive capabilities, yet its energy footprint has received far less attention than its asymptotic speedups. We present a first-order, full-system energy model for quantum computing in an high performance computing (HPC) context. The model separates costs common to NISQ and FTQC, such as system maintenance and classical processing, from regime-specific ones such as error mitigation for NISQ and error correction for FTQC. We instantiate the model on 96- and 100-qubit Heisenberg time-evolution simulations on IBM Eagle r3 and a representative VQE workload, and sketch the FTQC energy pipeline. We find that NISQ energy is dominated by the QEM sampling multiplier, while FTQC cost shifts to physical-qubit overhead set by the code distance and magic states. Our model provides actionable insights into the energy consumption of both NISQ and FTQC workloads, and paves the way toward energy-efficient quantum advantage.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_09580
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Estimating The Energy Consumption of Quantum Computing from A Full System Aspect
Niu, Siyuan
Wu, Di
Kilic, Ozgur Ozan
Yu, Kwangmin
Quantum Physics
Quantum computing promises disruptive capabilities, yet its energy footprint has received far less attention than its asymptotic speedups. We present a first-order, full-system energy model for quantum computing in an high performance computing (HPC) context. The model separates costs common to NISQ and FTQC, such as system maintenance and classical processing, from regime-specific ones such as error mitigation for NISQ and error correction for FTQC. We instantiate the model on 96- and 100-qubit Heisenberg time-evolution simulations on IBM Eagle r3 and a representative VQE workload, and sketch the FTQC energy pipeline. We find that NISQ energy is dominated by the QEM sampling multiplier, while FTQC cost shifts to physical-qubit overhead set by the code distance and magic states. Our model provides actionable insights into the energy consumption of both NISQ and FTQC workloads, and paves the way toward energy-efficient quantum advantage.
title Estimating The Energy Consumption of Quantum Computing from A Full System Aspect
topic Quantum Physics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.09580