Threat Modelling using Domain-Adapted Language Models: Empirical Evaluation and Insights
Fuente:
arXiv
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Preprint |
| Published: |
2026
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| _version_ | 1866909033412165632 |
|---|---|
| author | Pourhanifeh, Saba AbdulGhaffar, AbdulAziz Matrawy, Ashraf |
| author_facet | Pourhanifeh, Saba AbdulGhaffar, AbdulAziz Matrawy, Ashraf |
| contents | Large Language Models(LLMs) are increasingly explored for cybersecurity applications such as vulnerability detection. In the domain of threat modelling, prior work has primarily evaluated a number of general-purpose Large Language Models under limited prompting settings. In this study, we extend the research area of structured threat modelling by systematically evaluating domain-adapted language models of different sizes to their general counterparts. We use both LLMs and Small Language Models(SLMs) that were domain adapted to telecommunications and cybersecuirty. For the structured threat modelling, we selected the widely used STRIDE approach and the application area is 5G security.
We present a comprehensive empirical evaluation using 52 different configurations (on 8 different language models) to analyze the impact of 1) domain adaptation, 2) model scale, 3) decoding strategies (greedy vs. stochastic sampling), and 4) prompting technique on STRIDE threat classification. Our results show that domain-adapted models do not consistently outperform their general-purpose counterparts, and decoding strategies significantly affect model behavior and output validity. They also show that while larger models generally achieve higher performance, these gains are neither consistent nor sufficient for reliable threat modelling. These findings highlight fundamental limitations of current LLMs for structured threat modelling tasks and suggest that improvements require more than additional training data or model scaling, motivating the need for incorporating more task-specific reasoning and stronger grounding in security concepts.
We present insights on invalid outputs encountered and present suggestions for prompting tailored specifically for STRIDE threat modelling. |
| format | Preprint |
| id |
arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_10808 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Threat Modelling using Domain-Adapted Language Models: Empirical Evaluation and Insights Pourhanifeh, Saba AbdulGhaffar, AbdulAziz Matrawy, Ashraf Cryptography and Security Artificial Intelligence Large Language Models(LLMs) are increasingly explored for cybersecurity applications such as vulnerability detection. In the domain of threat modelling, prior work has primarily evaluated a number of general-purpose Large Language Models under limited prompting settings. In this study, we extend the research area of structured threat modelling by systematically evaluating domain-adapted language models of different sizes to their general counterparts. We use both LLMs and Small Language Models(SLMs) that were domain adapted to telecommunications and cybersecuirty. For the structured threat modelling, we selected the widely used STRIDE approach and the application area is 5G security. We present a comprehensive empirical evaluation using 52 different configurations (on 8 different language models) to analyze the impact of 1) domain adaptation, 2) model scale, 3) decoding strategies (greedy vs. stochastic sampling), and 4) prompting technique on STRIDE threat classification. Our results show that domain-adapted models do not consistently outperform their general-purpose counterparts, and decoding strategies significantly affect model behavior and output validity. They also show that while larger models generally achieve higher performance, these gains are neither consistent nor sufficient for reliable threat modelling. These findings highlight fundamental limitations of current LLMs for structured threat modelling tasks and suggest that improvements require more than additional training data or model scaling, motivating the need for incorporating more task-specific reasoning and stronger grounding in security concepts. We present insights on invalid outputs encountered and present suggestions for prompting tailored specifically for STRIDE threat modelling. |
| title | Threat Modelling using Domain-Adapted Language Models: Empirical Evaluation and Insights |
| topic | Cryptography and Security Artificial Intelligence |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.10808 |