A practical guide to implementing zero-order-hold interplanetary trajectory legs
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arXiv
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| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866913113524142080 |
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| author | Izzo, Dario Holt, Harry Acciarini, Giacomo Beauregard, Laurent Shimane, Yuri |
| author_facet | Izzo, Dario Holt, Harry Acciarini, Giacomo Beauregard, Laurent Shimane, Yuri |
| contents | We study the practical implementation of zero-order-hold (ZOH) transcriptions for spacecraft trajectory optimisation, identifying a set of design principles that render them robust across a broad class of dynamical settings without problem-specific tuning. The contributions are fourfold: (i) a thorough study of the forward--backward shooting construction, denoted $\mathrm{ZOH}_α$; (ii) a redundant four-dimensional throttle parameterization that eliminates the singularity of the control influence matrix along ballistic arcs; (iii) a softmax time-grid encoding that avoids ordering constraints on segment durations while preserving full differentiability; and (iv) the TOPS benchmark (Trajectory Optimisation Problems in Space), a suite of 28 problems spanning four dynamical models, two-body Cartesian, modified equinoctial elements, circular restricted three-body, and solar sailing, designed to be extended over time. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_11043 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | A practical guide to implementing zero-order-hold interplanetary trajectory legs Izzo, Dario Holt, Harry Acciarini, Giacomo Beauregard, Laurent Shimane, Yuri Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics Earth and Planetary Astrophysics We study the practical implementation of zero-order-hold (ZOH) transcriptions for spacecraft trajectory optimisation, identifying a set of design principles that render them robust across a broad class of dynamical settings without problem-specific tuning. The contributions are fourfold: (i) a thorough study of the forward--backward shooting construction, denoted $\mathrm{ZOH}_α$; (ii) a redundant four-dimensional throttle parameterization that eliminates the singularity of the control influence matrix along ballistic arcs; (iii) a softmax time-grid encoding that avoids ordering constraints on segment durations while preserving full differentiability; and (iv) the TOPS benchmark (Trajectory Optimisation Problems in Space), a suite of 28 problems spanning four dynamical models, two-body Cartesian, modified equinoctial elements, circular restricted three-body, and solar sailing, designed to be extended over time. |
| title | A practical guide to implementing zero-order-hold interplanetary trajectory legs |
| topic | Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics Earth and Planetary Astrophysics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.11043 |