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Auteurs principaux: Sun, Lei, Mao, Xiuqing, Zhang, Shuai, Zeng, Qingyu, Zhao, Min, Li, Jiyuan, Dong, Wenle
Format: Preprint
Publié: 2026
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Accès en ligne:https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.11386
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author Sun, Lei
Mao, Xiuqing
Zhang, Shuai
Zeng, Qingyu
Zhao, Min
Li, Jiyuan
Dong, Wenle
author_facet Sun, Lei
Mao, Xiuqing
Zhang, Shuai
Zeng, Qingyu
Zhao, Min
Li, Jiyuan
Dong, Wenle
contents Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are moving rapidly from laboratory research into clinical, edge, and real-world settings. Under ISO/IEC 8663:2025, a BCI is a direct communication link between central nervous system activity and external software or hardware systems. This link expands privacy risk beyond raw neural-signal leakage: neural data, derived representations, model assets, and decoded outputs can be re-associated with individuals across collection, transmission, storage, training, inference, and feedback, or used to infer information beyond what a task requires. Starting from the general BCI paradigm, this review deffnes privacy-protection boundaries, protection objects, and the relationship between user data privacy and model privacy within a shared risk pathway. It then proposes a three-dimensional framework - protection object, lifecycle stage, and dominant protection-strength level - to classify existing work into four levels of protection strength. Finally, mental privacy and neuroethical risks are treated as open issues, emphasizing that BCI privacy protection should not only obscure data but also disentangle task-irrelevant sensitive information while preserving downstream utility. Keywords: Brain-computer interface, Neural data privacy, User data privacy, Model privacy, Disentanglement of task-irrelevant sensitive information, Protection-strength grading, Neuroethical risks
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_11386
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Revisiting Privacy Preservation in Brain-Computer Interfaces: Conceptual Boundaries, Risk Pathways, and a Protection-Strength Grading Framework
Sun, Lei
Mao, Xiuqing
Zhang, Shuai
Zeng, Qingyu
Zhao, Min
Li, Jiyuan
Dong, Wenle
Artificial Intelligence
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are moving rapidly from laboratory research into clinical, edge, and real-world settings. Under ISO/IEC 8663:2025, a BCI is a direct communication link between central nervous system activity and external software or hardware systems. This link expands privacy risk beyond raw neural-signal leakage: neural data, derived representations, model assets, and decoded outputs can be re-associated with individuals across collection, transmission, storage, training, inference, and feedback, or used to infer information beyond what a task requires. Starting from the general BCI paradigm, this review deffnes privacy-protection boundaries, protection objects, and the relationship between user data privacy and model privacy within a shared risk pathway. It then proposes a three-dimensional framework - protection object, lifecycle stage, and dominant protection-strength level - to classify existing work into four levels of protection strength. Finally, mental privacy and neuroethical risks are treated as open issues, emphasizing that BCI privacy protection should not only obscure data but also disentangle task-irrelevant sensitive information while preserving downstream utility. Keywords: Brain-computer interface, Neural data privacy, User data privacy, Model privacy, Disentanglement of task-irrelevant sensitive information, Protection-strength grading, Neuroethical risks
title Revisiting Privacy Preservation in Brain-Computer Interfaces: Conceptual Boundaries, Risk Pathways, and a Protection-Strength Grading Framework
topic Artificial Intelligence
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.11386