Clausal Deletion Backdoors for QBF: a Parameterized Complexity Approach

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Authors: Eriksson, Leif, Lagerkvist, Victor, Ordyniak, Sebastian, Osipov, George, Panolan, Fahad, Rychlicki, Mateusz
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Eriksson, Leif
Lagerkvist, Victor
Ordyniak, Sebastian
Osipov, George
Panolan, Fahad
Rychlicki, Mateusz
author_facet Eriksson, Leif
Lagerkvist, Victor
Ordyniak, Sebastian
Osipov, George
Panolan, Fahad
Rychlicki, Mateusz
contents Determining the validity of a quantified Boolean formula (QBF) is a PSPACE-complete problem with rich expressive power. Despite interest in efficient solvers, there is, compared to problems in NP, a lack of positive theoretical results, and in the parameterized complexity setting one often has to restrict the quantifier prefix (e.g., bounding alternations) to obtain fixed parameter tractability (FPT). We propose a new parameter: the number of variables in clauses that has to be removed before reaching a tractable class (a clause covering (CC) backdoor). We are then interested in solving QBF in FPT time given a CC-backdoor of size $k$. We consider the three classical, tractable cases of QBF as base classes: Horn, 2-CNF, and linear equations. We establish W[1]-hardness for Horn but prove FPT for the others, and prove that in a precise, algebraic sense, we are only missing one important case for a full dichotomy. Our algorithms are non-trivial and depend on propagation, and Gaussian elimination, respectively, and are comparably unexplored for QBF.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_12073
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Clausal Deletion Backdoors for QBF: a Parameterized Complexity Approach
Eriksson, Leif
Lagerkvist, Victor
Ordyniak, Sebastian
Osipov, George
Panolan, Fahad
Rychlicki, Mateusz
Computational Complexity
Artificial Intelligence
Determining the validity of a quantified Boolean formula (QBF) is a PSPACE-complete problem with rich expressive power. Despite interest in efficient solvers, there is, compared to problems in NP, a lack of positive theoretical results, and in the parameterized complexity setting one often has to restrict the quantifier prefix (e.g., bounding alternations) to obtain fixed parameter tractability (FPT). We propose a new parameter: the number of variables in clauses that has to be removed before reaching a tractable class (a clause covering (CC) backdoor). We are then interested in solving QBF in FPT time given a CC-backdoor of size $k$. We consider the three classical, tractable cases of QBF as base classes: Horn, 2-CNF, and linear equations. We establish W[1]-hardness for Horn but prove FPT for the others, and prove that in a precise, algebraic sense, we are only missing one important case for a full dichotomy. Our algorithms are non-trivial and depend on propagation, and Gaussian elimination, respectively, and are comparably unexplored for QBF.
title Clausal Deletion Backdoors for QBF: a Parameterized Complexity Approach
topic Computational Complexity
Artificial Intelligence
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.12073