A tool of Hierarchical cOre ideNtification and Kinematic property AssIgnment (HONKAI) for Dense Cores
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866916005390843904 |
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| author | Liu, Jiawei Ren, Zhiyuan Li, Di Xie, Jinjin Fuller, Gary A. Xing, Yuchen Lyu, Xin Xu, Fengwei Wang, Chen Meng, Fanyi Jiao, Sihan |
| author_facet | Liu, Jiawei Ren, Zhiyuan Li, Di Xie, Jinjin Fuller, Gary A. Xing, Yuchen Lyu, Xin Xu, Fengwei Wang, Chen Meng, Fanyi Jiao, Sihan |
| contents | Infrared dark clouds (IRDCs) contains cold dense gas at the earliest stage of massive star and cluster formation. In studying the IRDCs, a universal and fundamental task is to resolve their internal hierarchical structures. Various packages and algorithms were developed for this purpose, but with most of them mainly focused on certain individual steps in data processing. In this work, we build a more automatic procedure for multi-band structure measurement HONKAI (Hierarchical cOre ideNtification and Kinematic property AssIgnment), which can resolve the elemental components including cores and clumps, disentangle the velocity components in spectral data, measure their physical properties, and generate a catalogue for all the measured properties. We use {\sc honkai} for a joint study towards three IRDCs observed in 850 $μ$m dust continuum with James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) and the $^{13}CO$ $(1-0)$ data cube with the Purple Mount Observatory 14-m telescope. 193 dense cores in 16 clumps are identified. As major dynamical properties, a large amount of the cores (136 out of 193) are measured to have large virial ratio of $R_{\rm vir}>1$, but their mass-size relation is bellow the threshold for massive star formation. Meanwhile, core mass function (CMF) also exhibits a steeper slope towards high-mass end compared to more evolved core samples. These three properties in accordance suggest that although many IRDC cores are self-gravitating, only a small fraction are seemingly possible to form high-mass stars. In subsequent core evolution, some further mass assembly trend may be involved to facilitate the high-mass star formation. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_12222 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | A tool of Hierarchical cOre ideNtification and Kinematic property AssIgnment (HONKAI) for Dense Cores Liu, Jiawei Ren, Zhiyuan Li, Di Xie, Jinjin Fuller, Gary A. Xing, Yuchen Lyu, Xin Xu, Fengwei Wang, Chen Meng, Fanyi Jiao, Sihan Astrophysics of Galaxies Infrared dark clouds (IRDCs) contains cold dense gas at the earliest stage of massive star and cluster formation. In studying the IRDCs, a universal and fundamental task is to resolve their internal hierarchical structures. Various packages and algorithms were developed for this purpose, but with most of them mainly focused on certain individual steps in data processing. In this work, we build a more automatic procedure for multi-band structure measurement HONKAI (Hierarchical cOre ideNtification and Kinematic property AssIgnment), which can resolve the elemental components including cores and clumps, disentangle the velocity components in spectral data, measure their physical properties, and generate a catalogue for all the measured properties. We use {\sc honkai} for a joint study towards three IRDCs observed in 850 $μ$m dust continuum with James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) and the $^{13}CO$ $(1-0)$ data cube with the Purple Mount Observatory 14-m telescope. 193 dense cores in 16 clumps are identified. As major dynamical properties, a large amount of the cores (136 out of 193) are measured to have large virial ratio of $R_{\rm vir}>1$, but their mass-size relation is bellow the threshold for massive star formation. Meanwhile, core mass function (CMF) also exhibits a steeper slope towards high-mass end compared to more evolved core samples. These three properties in accordance suggest that although many IRDC cores are self-gravitating, only a small fraction are seemingly possible to form high-mass stars. In subsequent core evolution, some further mass assembly trend may be involved to facilitate the high-mass star formation. |
| title | A tool of Hierarchical cOre ideNtification and Kinematic property AssIgnment (HONKAI) for Dense Cores |
| topic | Astrophysics of Galaxies |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.12222 |