Can LLM Agents Simulate Dynamic Networks? A Case Study on Email Networks with Phishing Synthesis
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arXiv
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866910213623250944 |
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| author | Miao, Siqi Chen, Ziyang Luo, Yuhong Hsu, Hans Hao-Hsun Li, Mufei Zhang, Kaiqing Li, Pan |
| author_facet | Miao, Siqi Chen, Ziyang Luo, Yuhong Hsu, Hans Hao-Hsun Li, Mufei Zhang, Kaiqing Li, Pan |
| contents | While Large Language Model (LLM) multi-agent systems (MAS) offer a transformative approach to simulating human behavior in complex systems, it remains largely unexplored whether these simulations can replicate realistic structural and temporal dynamics from a dynamic network perspective. Our evaluation indicates that existing frameworks excel at generating plausible micro-level interactions but fail to capture the emergent, macroscopic topologies necessary for domains that rely on realistic network dynamics, such as modeling information propagation and cybersecurity threats. To bridge this gap, we introduce two easily integrable extensions to simulation frameworks to ensure they preserve macroscopic network fidelity: 1) augmenting LLM agents with data-driven event triggers to organically sustain long-horizon interactions, and 2) integrating Hawkes processes to accurately model temporal activation dynamics. Our approach allows LLM MAS to capture both plausible micro-level patterns and macroscopic topologies. We further demonstrate the utility of this framework in synthesizing realistic phishing campaigns within evolving communication networks. The study reveals how threats exploit structural vulnerabilities, highlighting the potential of our framework for developing next-generation defenses. Our code is available at https://github.com/Graph-COM/NSL. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_12507 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Can LLM Agents Simulate Dynamic Networks? A Case Study on Email Networks with Phishing Synthesis Miao, Siqi Chen, Ziyang Luo, Yuhong Hsu, Hans Hao-Hsun Li, Mufei Zhang, Kaiqing Li, Pan Social and Information Networks Artificial Intelligence Multiagent Systems While Large Language Model (LLM) multi-agent systems (MAS) offer a transformative approach to simulating human behavior in complex systems, it remains largely unexplored whether these simulations can replicate realistic structural and temporal dynamics from a dynamic network perspective. Our evaluation indicates that existing frameworks excel at generating plausible micro-level interactions but fail to capture the emergent, macroscopic topologies necessary for domains that rely on realistic network dynamics, such as modeling information propagation and cybersecurity threats. To bridge this gap, we introduce two easily integrable extensions to simulation frameworks to ensure they preserve macroscopic network fidelity: 1) augmenting LLM agents with data-driven event triggers to organically sustain long-horizon interactions, and 2) integrating Hawkes processes to accurately model temporal activation dynamics. Our approach allows LLM MAS to capture both plausible micro-level patterns and macroscopic topologies. We further demonstrate the utility of this framework in synthesizing realistic phishing campaigns within evolving communication networks. The study reveals how threats exploit structural vulnerabilities, highlighting the potential of our framework for developing next-generation defenses. Our code is available at https://github.com/Graph-COM/NSL. |
| title | Can LLM Agents Simulate Dynamic Networks? A Case Study on Email Networks with Phishing Synthesis |
| topic | Social and Information Networks Artificial Intelligence Multiagent Systems |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.12507 |