Coordination Failures and Stackelberg Leadership in Housing Development with Network Effects

Fuente: arXiv
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Main Author: Rangan, Vaibhav
Format: Preprint
Published: 2026
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author Rangan, Vaibhav
author_facet Rangan, Vaibhav
contents I study coordination failures in housing development markets with network effects, where the value of building depends on aggregate supply. When network effects are sufficiently strong and convex, multiple equilibria arise: a low-supply coordination failure and a high-supply outcome. Without a coordination mechanism, equilibrium is indeterminate. I introduce a large developer who moves first in a Stackelberg game, committing to housing supply before atomistic developers make entry decisions. The main result is that the large developer always commits at least to the high-supply equilibrium, eliminating the coordination failure by pushing past the unstable threshold that separates the low and high outcomes. The result is unconditional; it holds for general demand functions and cost distributions, and does not depend on which stable continuation equilibrium materializes. The leader's commitment inverts standard monopoly intuition: first-mover commitment can improve welfare by resolving a coordination problem that atomistic markets cannot solve on their own. I also characterize when the developer builds beyond the high equilibrium into a monopoly region, and show that the market underprovides housing relative to the social optimum.
format Preprint
id arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_12559
institution arXiv
publishDate 2026
record_format arxiv
spellingShingle Coordination Failures and Stackelberg Leadership in Housing Development with Network Effects
Rangan, Vaibhav
Theoretical Economics
I study coordination failures in housing development markets with network effects, where the value of building depends on aggregate supply. When network effects are sufficiently strong and convex, multiple equilibria arise: a low-supply coordination failure and a high-supply outcome. Without a coordination mechanism, equilibrium is indeterminate. I introduce a large developer who moves first in a Stackelberg game, committing to housing supply before atomistic developers make entry decisions. The main result is that the large developer always commits at least to the high-supply equilibrium, eliminating the coordination failure by pushing past the unstable threshold that separates the low and high outcomes. The result is unconditional; it holds for general demand functions and cost distributions, and does not depend on which stable continuation equilibrium materializes. The leader's commitment inverts standard monopoly intuition: first-mover commitment can improve welfare by resolving a coordination problem that atomistic markets cannot solve on their own. I also characterize when the developer builds beyond the high equilibrium into a monopoly region, and show that the market underprovides housing relative to the social optimum.
title Coordination Failures and Stackelberg Leadership in Housing Development with Network Effects
topic Theoretical Economics
url https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.12559