Burst-Mode Ultrafast Laser Welding of Sapphire and Invar Alloy Across Large Interfacial Gaps up to 10 $μ$m
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Preprint |
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2026
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| _version_ | 1866909039721447424 |
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| author | Li, Yuxuan Li, Nan Wang, Yu Chen, Yitong Su, Rong Zhang, Qingwei Wen, Rongxian Jiang, Guochang Chen, Feng Yang, Shanglu |
| author_facet | Li, Yuxuan Li, Nan Wang, Yu Chen, Yitong Su, Rong Zhang, Qingwei Wen, Rongxian Jiang, Guochang Chen, Feng Yang, Shanglu |
| contents | Achieving reliable joining between transparent materials and metals under non-optical-contact conditions remains challenging due to limited energy coupling and uncontrolled interfacial reaction across $μ$m-scale gaps. Burst-mode ultrafast lasers provide a potential solution for large-gap welding through temporally distributed energy deposition. However, the underlying interaction mechanisms and achievable joining limits remain unclear. In this study, burst-mode ultrafast laser welding of sapphire to Invar alloy was investigated under controlled interfacial gaps from 3 to 10 $μ$m. Cross-sectional microscopy, elemental mapping, white-light interferometry, and shear testing were employed to analyze joint morphology, elemental distribution, fracture behavior, and mechanical performance.After optimization of the processing parameters for burst-mode ultrafast laser welding, the interfacial morphological evolution and joint strength under different gap conditions were systematically investigated. At a 3 $μ$m gap, cyclic thermal stresses induced by burst pulses generate transverse micro-crack networks in sapphire, accompanied by a reduction in joint strength with increasing sub-pulse numbers. Notably, at a 10 $μ$m gap, where single-pulse welding fails, burst-mode ultrafast laser welding enables interfacial bridging with a maximum shear strength of 6.3 MPa, representing the highest level among published studies.These results indicate a gap-dependent evolution in burst-mode welding behavior governed by crack formation and energy accumulation. This study provides an important theoretical basis and practical guidance for achieving high-performance joining of dissimilar materials under large gap conditions. |
| format | Preprint |
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arxiv_https___arxiv_org_abs_2605_13191 |
| institution | arXiv |
| publishDate | 2026 |
| record_format | arxiv |
| spellingShingle | Burst-Mode Ultrafast Laser Welding of Sapphire and Invar Alloy Across Large Interfacial Gaps up to 10 $μ$m Li, Yuxuan Li, Nan Wang, Yu Chen, Yitong Su, Rong Zhang, Qingwei Wen, Rongxian Jiang, Guochang Chen, Feng Yang, Shanglu Optics Achieving reliable joining between transparent materials and metals under non-optical-contact conditions remains challenging due to limited energy coupling and uncontrolled interfacial reaction across $μ$m-scale gaps. Burst-mode ultrafast lasers provide a potential solution for large-gap welding through temporally distributed energy deposition. However, the underlying interaction mechanisms and achievable joining limits remain unclear. In this study, burst-mode ultrafast laser welding of sapphire to Invar alloy was investigated under controlled interfacial gaps from 3 to 10 $μ$m. Cross-sectional microscopy, elemental mapping, white-light interferometry, and shear testing were employed to analyze joint morphology, elemental distribution, fracture behavior, and mechanical performance.After optimization of the processing parameters for burst-mode ultrafast laser welding, the interfacial morphological evolution and joint strength under different gap conditions were systematically investigated. At a 3 $μ$m gap, cyclic thermal stresses induced by burst pulses generate transverse micro-crack networks in sapphire, accompanied by a reduction in joint strength with increasing sub-pulse numbers. Notably, at a 10 $μ$m gap, where single-pulse welding fails, burst-mode ultrafast laser welding enables interfacial bridging with a maximum shear strength of 6.3 MPa, representing the highest level among published studies.These results indicate a gap-dependent evolution in burst-mode welding behavior governed by crack formation and energy accumulation. This study provides an important theoretical basis and practical guidance for achieving high-performance joining of dissimilar materials under large gap conditions. |
| title | Burst-Mode Ultrafast Laser Welding of Sapphire and Invar Alloy Across Large Interfacial Gaps up to 10 $μ$m |
| topic | Optics |
| url | https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.13191 |